Nishi had gone to a grocery store to make routine purchases. On reaching home, as she took out Binx tomato chips packet from the bag to give it to her son, she felt that it was underweight. She checked its weight on the kitchen weighing scale and found that it weighed 60 grams whereas the label on the chips packet mentioned the weight of the packet as 100 grams. She approached the manufacturer and complained about it. The manufacturer offered her a gift hamper and requested her not to disclose this to anyone. Nishi refused to accept the gift hamper and took the issue to a redressal agency.
Match List I with List II. 
Match the features of planning in List I with their descriptions in List II
| List I | List II |
|---|---|
| A. Planning is Pervasive | I. It is required at all levels of management and in all departments of the organisation. |
| B. Planning is Continuous | II. It involves looking ahead and preparing for future events to the best advantage of an organisation. |
| C. Planning is a Primary Function | III. It lays down the base for other managerial functions. |
| D. Planning is Futuristic | IV. Plans are prepared for a specific period, and at the end of that period, new plans are drawn based on new requirements and future conditions. |
“Planning bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to go”. Identify the features of planning.
From the following information, calculate opening and closing inventory :
The graph shows the variation of current with voltage for a p-n junction diode. Estimate the dynamic resistance of the diode at \( V = -0.6 \) V.

