List of top English Questions asked in AILET BALLB (Hons.)

The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Choose the most appropriate response that accurately and completely answer the question.
What is phishing ?
Phishing is one of the easiest forms of cyberattack for criminals to carry out, and one of the easiest to fall for. It’s also one that can provide everything hackers need to ransack their targets’ personal and work accounts.
Usually carried out over email – although the phishing scam has now spread beyond suspicious emails to phone calls (so-called ‘vishing’) social media, messaging services (aka ‘smishing’) and apps – a basic phishing attack attempts to trick the target into doing what the scammer wants. That might be handing over passwords to make it easier to hack a company, or altering bank details so that payments go to fraudsters instead of the correct account.
Phishing is also a popular method for cyber attackers to deliver malware, by encouraging victims to download a document or visit a link that will secretly install the malicious payload in attacks that could be distributing trojan malware, ransomware or all manner of damaging and disruptive attacks. The aim and the precise mechanics of the scams vary : for example, victims might be tricked into clicking a link through to a fake web page with the aim of persuading the user to enter personal information – it’s estimated that an average of 1.4 million of these websites are created every month.
More complex phishing schemes can involve a long game, with hackers using fake social media profiles, emails and more to build up a rapport with the victim over months or even years in cases where specific individuals are targeted for data that they would only ever hand over to people they trust.
That data can range from personal or corporate email address and password, to financial data such as credit card details or online banking credentials or even personal data such as date of birth, address and a social security number.
How does a phishing attack work ?
A basic phishing attack attempts to trick a user into entering personal details or other confidential information, and email is the most common method of performing these attacks.
The sheer number of emails sent every single day means that it’s an obvious attack vector for cyber criminals. It’s estimated that 3.7 billion people send around 269 billion emails every single day.
Researchers at Symantec suggest that almost one in every 2,000 of these emails is a phishing email, meaning around 135 million phishing attacks are attempted every day.
Most people simply don’t have the time to carefully analyse every message that lands in their inbox – and it’s this that phishers look to exploit in a number of ways.
Scams vary in their targets – some are aiming at unwary consumers. Here, their email subject line will be designed to catch the victim’s eye – common phishing campaign techniques include offers of prizes won in fake competitions such as lotteries or contests by retailers offering a ‘winning voucher’.
In this example, in order to ‘win’ the prize, the victims are asked to enter their details such as name, date of birth, address and bank details in order to claim. Obviously, there’s no prize and all they’ve done is put their personal details into the hands of hackers.

The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Choose the most appropriate response that accurately and completely answer the question.
During her grandfather’s reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her uncle Edward and her father. Her younger and only sister Margaret was next in the line of succession. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated without any issue (i.e., child), after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeth’s father became king, taking the regnal name George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became heir presumptive. If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession, which was determined by the male-preference primogeniture (as against female-preference primogeniture or primogeniture simpliciter) in effect at the time.
George VI’s health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case of the King’s death while she was on tour. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of George VI and Elizabeth’s consequent accession to the throne with immediate effect. Philip broke the news to the new queen. She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name; thus she was called Elizabeth II, which offended many Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland. She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom. Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.

The compass is one of the oldest navigational tools we have. Since mankind began to understand more about navigation, compasses have been crucial to the achievement of major feats such as the first transoceanic voyages and the circumnavigation of the globe. None of this would have been possible without the aid of the compass in performing navigation calculations over long distances.
Early explorers had to use local landmarks and the stars to navigate. This made it very difficult to travel to far or unknown destinations. Compasses were one of the key breakthroughs that made such voyages possible. So how exactly does a compass work ?
A compass works by detecting and responding to the Earth’s natural magnetic fields. The Earth has an iron core that is part liquid and part solid crystal, due to gravitational pressure. It is believed that movement in the liquid outer core is what produces the Earth’s magnetic field. Like all such fields, the Earth’s magnetic field has two poles - North and South. These magnetic poles are slightly off from the Earth’s axis of rotation, which is used as the basis of the geographic poles - however the magnetic and geographic poles are close enough to allow a compass to serve as a valuable navigation tool, especially when adjustments are made for the polar differences - such adjustments being referred to as declination.
In September 2019, for the first time in over 360 years, compasses at Greenwich pointed true north. Most of the time, however, compasses don’t actually point precisely towards the North Pole.
True north is the direction that points directly towards the geographic North Pole. This is a fixed point on the Earth’s globe. Magnetic north is quite different : it is the direction that a compass needle points to as it aligns with the Earth’s magnetic field.
The magnetic North Pole shifts and changes over time in response to changes in the Earth’s magnetic core : it isn’t a fixed point.
This difference between true North and the North heading on a compass forms an angle, referred to as declination. Declination varies from place to place because the Earth’s magnetic field is not uniform - it dips and undulates.

The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Choose the most appropriate response that accurately and completely answer the question.
Aristotle, an ancient philosopher, was one of the first to discuss syllogisms. In Prior Analytics, published around 350 BCE, Aristotle outlined the basic form of syllogism which represented the earliest branch of formal logic. For Aristotle, logic revolved around deduction : “speech in which certain things having been supposed something different from those supposed results of necessity because of their being so.”
If that sounds confusing – that’s ancient philosophy for you! Let’s break it down. “The things that have been supposed” are what we now call “premises”. “What results necessarily” from those premises being true is a conclusion.
To Aristotle, if an argument was valid, it would be impossible for premises X and Y to be true and for conclusion Z to be false. Aristotle named this method of proving validity “reductio ad impossibile” : a syllogism is valid when the denial of the conclusion but acceptance of the premises would lead to a contradiction.
Aristotle divided syllogistic propositions into four different categories : universal affirmative, particular affirmative, universal negative and particular negative.
A universal affirmative syllogistic sentence : All humans need food.
A particular affirmative syllogistic sentence : Some birds can fly.
A universal negative syllogistic sentence : No dogs are cats.
A particular negative syllogistic sentence : Not all cars have four doors.
During the rise of modern formal logic, German philosopher Gottlob Frege refined Aristotle’s syllogistic theory through the addition of non-categorical syllogisms. These are syllogisms that rely on premises and can be hypothetical, or which include disjunctions like ‘or’. The hypothetical form of syllogisms can be traced back to Stoic philosophy, but modern philosophers tend to attribute the theory to Frege. In the 19th century, British philosopher and economist John Neville Keynes also helped make non-categorical syllogisms popular.
Here’s an example of a hypothetical syllogism :
1. If it is sunny tomorrow, I can go running.
2. It is sunny.
3. Therefore, I can go running.
Here’s an example of a disjunctive syllogism :
1. Patrick studies English or Linguistics.
2. Patrick is not studying Linguistics.
3. Therefore, he is studying English.
In the Begriffsschrift (German for “Concept-Script”), he refined Aristotle’s system by developing a logical system that explained how quantifiers (words like “all” and “some”) work. His system also became the basis for modern computer science.

Read the excerpt from a ruling of the Court (Civil Action: American Library Association v. U.S.A.) and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
Under strict scrutiny, a public library's use of filtering software is permissible only if it is narrowly tailored to further a compelling government interest and no less restrictive alternative would serve that interest. We acknowledge that use of filtering software furthers public libraries' legitimate interests in preventing patrons from accessing visual depictions of obscenity, or in the case of minors, material harmful to minors. Moreover, use of filters also helps to prevent patrons from being unwillingly exposed to patently offensive, content on the Internet.

Read the following news post and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
INDIA'S MARINE EXPORTS REACH ALL TIME HIGH OF $ 7,740 MILLION
Vijayawada: Exports of marine products from India have reached an all-time high of US $ 7,740 million in 2021-22 against the targeted US $ 7,809 million fixed by the centre.
Marine Products Exports Development Authority joint director A. Jeyabal in a statement here on Friday said India's exports of marine products grew 30 percent compared to 2020-21 in value terms. The compound annual growth rate of seafood exports during the past decade has been 8.23 percent, he pointed out. Jeyabal explained that India exported marine products to 121 countries during 2021-22, the US being the top destination with exports worth US $ 3,315 million in 2021-22 against the target of $ 3,021 million.
China and Japan stood at number two and three positions respectively. All three top destinations of Indian marine exports constitute 63 percent of India's exports in value terms

Read the book descriptions for three different books up for sale online and answer the questions by choosing the correct options.

The On Being a Veterinarian Series gives pre-vet and veterinary students a glimpse into what it's really like to be a small animal veterinarian. Each book in the series provides insight on a different aspect of small animal veterinary medicine to help future veterinary doctors better prepare for the challenges of this career. Book puts the reader in the doctor's shoes for a day to illustrate the importance of emotional resilience. Tools for building resilience are provided, as are scientific explanations for how and why they work.

So, You Want to be a Veterinarian is suggested reading for aspiring veterinarians, their parents, and their mentors. It succinctly describes colleges of veterinary medicine and their admission requirements, application procedures, curriculums, faculties, and facilities, and provides information that increases the odds of success in the admission process. It goes on to describe the veterinary profession and its multiple practice types, species and disciplinary specialties, and employment opportunities in industry, government, academy, and the military.

I Want to be a Veterinarian is part of a new I Can Read series that introduces young readers to important community helpers. This Level One I Can Read is perfect for children learning to sound out words and sentences. Whether shared at home or in a classroom, the short sentences, familiar words, and simple concepts of Level One books support success for children eager to start reading on their own. For anyone looking for books about community helpers for kids, this book is a great choice as it is bright and upbeat and feature characters who are diverse in terms of gender, race, age, and body type.

Read the excerpt from a handicrafts’ manual titled ‘Woodwork Joints’ and answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer. THE SCARF JOINT
The method known as “scarfing” is used for the joining of timber in the direction of its length, enabling the workman to produce a joint with a smooth or flush appearance on all its faces. One of the simplest forms of scarfed joint is known as the half lap, in which a portion is cut out at the end of each beam or joist, equal in depth to half the full depth of the beam, and of equal length to the required scarf. The two pieces, before they are placed together, form a joint with the projecting part fitting into the recessed portion and the two pieces being secured in their respective positions by screws. A tabled scarf joint is very easy to make and fit, and is not materially affected by shrinkage. Rectangular wrought iron straps are knocked up over the joint after the two pieces engage. A lapped scarf joint is secured with nuts and bolts and effectively resists compressional stress in vertical posts.
THE PUZZLE JOINTS
These are not only interesting in themselves, but are often excellent studies in craftsmanship. The majority of them, if to be satisfactory as puzzles, call for very careful setting out and cutting, entailing the same degree of skill that is demanded for high-class cabinet work. For this reason, several illustrations of examples may well find a place in a volume dealing with woodwork joints. As a rule, these puzzles should be made in hardwood, such as dark walnut or beech, as in whitewood the joints are soon liable to wear.

Read the excerpt of a published interview by Lawrence Rubin where he speaks to Jessica Stone on Play Therapy in the Digital Age. Answer the following questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
LAWRENCE RUBIN : Hi, Jessica. Thanks for joining me today. How did you become interested in digital play therapy, which really is cutting-edge and somewhat controversial with children?
JESSICA STONE : I am a licensed psychologist with a specialty in play therapy. Within it, digital play therapy has become one of those areas of interest over the last 20 years, stemming from experiences with my own kids, who had this whole portion of their world that I didn’t really understand, know about, or enter into. It struck me as a little bit ironic and maybe even hypocritical that here I spend my time at work and my energy in learning and doing play therapy with children and entering their world, while my own kids have this whole portion of theirs that I was putting no effort into understanding. And so, I kind of had to smack myself upside the head and say, all right, I need to learn more about this. Why is this important to them ? Why are they interested in it ? Long story short, I ended up entering an online game that my oldest two (of four children) were both playing at the time. I am no digital native by any means, and I was not very good at these games, but the point was that I was taking interest. I was listening to them. I was asking them questions. We were having conversations about what happened in the game, what quest they were working on; things that were important to them that prior to my entering their world, I couldn’t participate in or even understand. I began to see that because this co-play was so impactful with my own children, I needed to incorporate it into my work, which really opened the door to what I have been doing for all these years.
LAWRENCE RUBIN : So, you recognized that technology was so important and present in your kids’ life that you would be almost doing a disservice to your young clients if you didn’t cross that bridge into their digital world. Tell me, what exactly is digital play therapy ?
JESSICA STONE: Digital play therapy is a modality that is based in speaking the client’s language through what I call the four C’s, which are competency, culture, comfort, and capability. These are basic elements of therapy in general, but digital play therapy in particular is couched within the broader context of prescriptive play therapy, which taps into what Charles Schaefer calls the therapeutic powers of play. So, the point is that there is a foundation for it. It’s not just, oh, let’s just jump on this bandwagon and start throwing these digital things into what we’re doing. We as clinicians need to have a very firm and solid foundation in what it is we’re doing and why we’re doing it regardless of our theoretical foundation, therapeutic modality, and interventions, or whether the platform is virtual or face-to-face. And as in all therapies, we must ground our interventions in solid case conceptualization and treatment planning.

Read the given passage and answer the questions by choosing the most appropriate answer.
Down in rain-swept Wiltshire last week, I was able to enjoy a Christmas tree, Christmas crackers, mistletoe, etc. I was able to sing carols and wish everyone I met a happy Christmas. In America, it seems, I’d have been outlawed if I’d attempted any such thing. According to Andrew Stephen in the New Statesman, Americans have become so desperate not to offend religious minorities that Christmas in America is now most definitely not politically correct and, in some cases, literally illegal. In Kentucky, for example, school bus drivers were warned on no account to say “Merry Christmas” to children getting on or off their buses. In Philadelphia, you are breaking the law, says Stephen, “if you have a Christmas tree in your home – you may be subject to a $300 fine”. A nursery school teacher in Washington, he goes on, has temporarily removed the “t” from the letters of the alphabet that she has strung around the classroom: “It looked a bit too much like a cross for comfort”. Oh, and schools in Scarsdale, New York “have banned the American tradition of “candy canes”, striped mint sweets in the shape of walking sticks; they could be construed as shepherds’ crooks, you see, and we all know what that means at the time of the year”. My Christmas in Wiltshire may have been wet but at least it felt like a real Christmas and not like this kind of anodyne travesty, disinfected of all reference to what the holiday is about.

Economic historians have argued that the Industrial Revolution in Britain could not have occurred without the capital that became available from the plunder of India. The sudden acceleration of the revolution in Britain, R. P. Dutt points out, coincides with the establishment of British rule in India. He writes, “In 1757 came the Battle of Plassey and the wealth of India began to flood the country in an ever-growing stream… in 1764 came the spinning jenny of Hargreaves; in 1765 came Watt’s steam engine, patented in 1769; in 1769 came the water frame of Arkwright followed by his patents in 1775 for carding, drawing and spinning machines; in 1779 the mule of Crompton and 1785 the power loom of Cartwright; and in 1788 the steam engine was applied to blast furnaces.” These inventions, Dutt argues, did not result from some “special and unaccountable burst of inventive genius,” but from the accumulation of enough capital to make possible the largescale outlay needed to turn the inventions into functional fortunes. Contemporary accounts attest to the devastation that followed in India. “This fine country,” one of the East India’s own residents reported, “which flourished under the most despotic and arbitrary government is verging towards ruin.” Francis Buchanan, who surveyed the country in the early 1800s, wrote: “The natives allege that, although they were often squeezed by the Mogul officers, and on all occasions were treated with utmost contempt, they preferred suffering these evils to the mode that has been adopted of selling their lands when they fall in arrears, which is a practice they cannot endure. Besides, bribery went a great way on most occasions, and they allege that, bribes included, they did not actually pay one half of what they do now.” Both agricultural self-sufficiency and what by many accounts was a growing industrial economy were broken down. For the peasant, insecurity, impoverishment, and indebtedness followed. The shadow of famine stalked the next century. The new system of land taxes introduced with the Permanent Settlement of 1793 turned the zamindars, who were originally tax collectors, into landowners with new rights to evict the peasants who cultivated the lands for not paying the revenues

The news made me very happy indeed. I would be married. There would be music, I would hear the women ululating. How exciting that would be! Yet I felt scared at the same time. I cannot express the apprehensions that came to my mind. Meanwhile, the various things necessary for the ceremony began to arrive. Relatives and guests began pouring in. I was scared to death by all this. I did not talk to anyone but spent most of the time weeping. Everybody did their best to reassure me. They embraced me, but the unspoken agony in my mind did not lift. Later on, I was cheered up by the ornaments, the red wedding sari and the wedding music. I forgot my earlier worries and went about laughing and watching the elaborate preparations. My happiness knew no bounds. When everything was over the next day, I heard people asking my mother, “Are they leaving today ?” I thought they were referring to the guests. Then the music started. There was an air of festivity. The guests must be leaving now, I thought. It made me happy and I went about following my mother. Presently everybody assembled in the house. Some looked happy, but others were in tears. They made me really frightened. Then my brothers, aunts, uncles, and my mother all took me in their arms by turn as they burst into tears. Their tears made me so sad that I began to cry too. I knew my mother was going to hand me to the other family. I tightened my hold on her and pleaded, “Don’t give me over to them, Mother!” that made everybody present even more upset. They broke down and tried to say nice words to console me. My mother took me in her arms and said, “You are a good girl, you understand everything, don’t you?” God is with us; you needn’t be afraid. You are going to come back to us in a few days’ time. Every girl has to go to her in-laws’ house. Nobody else cries like this. There is no reason to be upset. Please calm down and talk to me.” But I was trembling with fear. I was quite unable to speak. Somehow, I managed to say through my tears: “are you sure that God will go with me ?” Mother promptly reassured me that he most certainly would. “He will be with you all the time, so stop crying now.” But in spite of her soothing words my apprehensions kept growing and I could not check my tears.

What colors can animals see ? Is the world more brightly colored or duller to animals than it is to us ? To find out the answers to these questions scientists have used a method of training the animals to come to different colors, which is similar in principle to the method used in studying the sense of hearing in animals. Let us take bees first of all, partly because more exact scientific research has been done on the color-sense of bees than of almost any other animal. It is especially interesting to know what colors bees see because these insects visit flowers to get sweet nectar from them to make honey, and in doing so the bees incidentally carry pollen from flower to flower. On the face of it, it would seem very likely that bees are attracted to flowers by their bright colors. But possibly it is the scents that attract the bees, or perhaps it is both color and scent. So, among other things, we want to know whether bees can really see the colors of flowers, and if so, what colors they can see. Exactly how is this found out ? A table is put in a garden, and on the table a piece of blue cardboard is placed, on which there is a watch-glass containing a drop of syrup. After a short while bees come to the syrup and suck some of it. The bees then fly to their hive and give the syrup to other bees in the hive to make honey. Then they return to the feeding place which they have discovered. We let the bees go on doing this for a while, after which we take away the blue cardboard with the syrup on it. Instead of this card we now put on the table a blue card on the left side of the first feeding-place, and a red card to the right of the first feeding-place. These new cards have no syrup on them but only an empty watch-glass lying on each. Thus, the blue card is on the left, the red card on the right, and there is nothing where the first blue feeding-card used to be. After we have arranged these new cards, we have not long to wait. Very soon bees arrive again, and it can be seen that they fly straight on to the blue card; none go to the red card.

Find the correct meaning of the highlighted word in each of the sentences from the choices given below.
Ravi was an impecunious student noted for his academic excellence.

Find the correct meaning of the highlighted word in each of the sentences from the choices given below.
The lady looked rather lugubrious.

Find the correct meaning of the highlighted word in each of the sentences from the choices given below.
She displayed a recalcitrant attitude.

Choose the most appropriate option that completes the given sentences.
To be successful, managers must see themselves more as catalysts for problem solving than as problem solvers _____________.

Choose the most appropriate option that completes the given sentences.
The art of speaking or writing effectively is ____________

What do we call someone who tries to “put something across”, good or bad and who does not want scrutiny or criticism, but a specific action ?

Choose the most appropriate option that best explains the figure of speech in this line :
In rivers the water that you touch is the last of what passed and the first of that which comes: so, with time present. (Leonardo Da Vinci )

Choose the most appropriate option that most nearly means the same as the expression, ‘the kiss of Judas’ in the English language :

Choose the most appropriate option that best expresses the statement :
Since I was planning on a Euro tour, I decided to _____________ my French.

Choose the most appropriate option that could be the best analogy for the given pair of words :
tree : leaf :: ?

Choose the most appropriate option that is grammatically incorrect :

Choose the most appropriate option that has a grammatically incorrect interrogative statement :