The tribal kingdoms that played significant roles in the Mughal Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries include the Lohanis in Punjab, the Ahoms in Assam, and the Kols in Singhbhum. The Lohanis, though lesser-known, influenced the political landscape of Punjab. The Ahoms, on the other hand, were a major force in Assam and resisted Mughal expansion, while the Kols contributed to regional governance.