Question

The imperial karkhanas

Bernier is perhaps the only historian who provides a detailed account of the working of the imperial karkhanas or workshops:

Large halls are seen at many places, called karkhanas or workshops for the artisans. In one hall, embroiderers are busily employed, superintended by a master. In another, you see the goldsmiths; in a third, painters; in a fourth, varnishers in lacquer-work; in a fifth, joiners, turners, tailors and shoe-makers; in a sixth, manufacturers of silk, brocade and fine muslins …

The artisans come every morning to their karkhanas where they remain employed the whole day; and in the evening return to their homes. In this quiet regular manner, their time glides away; no one aspiring for any improvement in the condition of life wherein he happens to be born.

Analyse the relationship between the Mughal empire and its artisans.

Hint:

Artisans were vital to the empire’s cultural and economic strength but lacked freedom and mobility.

Answer 1

The Mughal empire maintained a structured and dependent relationship with its artisans. Artisans were employed full-time in the imperial karkhanas and worked under supervision to ensure quality and uniformity. While the system provided steady employment, Bernier notes a lack of social mobility and personal freedom among artisans. This reflects a hierarchical, controlled environment where the Mughal state benefited from artisan labor but offered little scope for their advancement.