List of practice Questions

Read the passage below and answer the 3 associated questions:
The nature of knowledge cannot survive unchanged within this context of general transformation. It can fit into the new channels, and become operational, only if learning is translated into quantities of information.We can predict that anything in the constituted body of knowledge that is not translatable in this way will be abandoned and that the direction of new research will be dictated by the possibility of its eventual results being translatable into computer language. The “producers” and users of knowledge must know, and will have to, possess the means of translating into these languages whatever they want to invent or learn. Research on translating machines is already well advanced. Along with the hegemony of computers comes a certain logic, and therefore a certain set of prescriptions determining which statements are accepted as “knowledge” statements.We may thus expect a thorough exteriorisation of knowledge with respect to the “knower,”at whatever point he or she may occupy in the knowledge process. The old principle that the acquisition of knowledge is indissociable from the training (Bildung) of minds, or even of individuals, is becoming obsolete and will become ever more so. The relationships of the suppliers and users of knowledge to the knowledge they supply and use is now tending, and will increasingly tend, to assume the form already taken by the relationship of commodity producers and consumers to the commodities they produce and consume - that is, the form of value. Knowledge is and will be produced in order to be sold, it is and will be consumed in order to be valorised in a new production: in both cases, the goal is exchange.
Knowledge ceases to be an end in itself, it loses its “use-value.”
Read the passage below and answer the 3 associated questions:
There is nothing spectacularly new in the situation.Most old-societies-turned-young-nation-states learn to live in a world dominated by the psychology and culture of exile.For some,the twentieth century has been a century of refugees.Others like Hannah Arendt have identified refugees as virtually a new species of human being who have come to symbolize the distinctive violence of our time.Refugees as contemporary symbols, however,proclaim something more than a pathology of a global nation-state system.They also represent a state of mind, a form of psychological displacement that has become endemic to modernizing societies.One does not even have to cross national frontiers to become a refugee;one can choose to be seduced by the ‘pull’ of self-induced displacement rather than be‘pushed’by an oppressive or violent system at home.It is this changed status of territoriality in human life that explains why, in immigrant societies like the United States,the metaphor of exile is now jaded.Some have already begun to argue that human beings need not have a ‘home’ as it has been traditionally understood in large parts of the world, that the idea itself is a red herring.While the idea of exile begins to appear trite in intellectual circles,an increasingly large proportion of the world is getting reconciled to living with the labile sense of self.Exile no longer seems a pathology or an affliction.Displacement and the psychology of exile are in;cultural continuities and settled communities are out;there is a touch of ennui about them.
Read the passage below and answer the 3 associated questions:
Once,during a concert of cathedral organ music,as I sat getting gooseflesh amid that tsunami of sound,I was struck with a thought:for a medieval peasant,this must have been the loudest human-made sound they ever experienced,awe-inspiring in now-unimaginable ways.No wonder they signed up for the religion being proffered.And now we are constantly pummeled with sounds that dwarf quaint organs.Once, hunter-gatherers might chance upon honey from a beehive and thus briefly satisfy a hardwired food craving.And now we have hundreds of carefully designed commercial foods that supply a burst of sensation unmatched by some lowly natural food.Once, we had lives that,amid considerable privation,also offered numerous subtle,hard-won pleasures.And now we have drugs that cause spasms of pleasure and dopamine release a thousandfold higher than anything stimulated in our old drug-free world.An emptiness comes from this combination of over-the-top nonnatural sources of reward and the inevitability of habituation;this is because unnaturally strong explosions of synthetic experience and sensation and pleasure evoke unnaturally strong degrees of habituation.This has two consequences.First,soon we barely notice the fleeting whispers of pleasure caused by leaves in autumn,or by the lingering glance of the right person,or by the promise of reward following a difficult,worthy task.And the other consequence is that we eventually habituate to even those artificial deluges of intensity.If we were designed by engineers,as we consumed more, we’d desire less.But our frequent human tragedy is that the more we consume,the hungrier we get.More and faster and stronger.What was an unexpected pleasure yesterday is what we feel entitled to today,and what won’t be enough tomorrow.