Question

How do Harappan artifacts contribute to our understanding of the Indus Valley Civilization? Explain with examples.

Answer 1

Harappan artifacts serve as crucial evidence in reconstructing the life, culture, and beliefs of the Indus Valley Civilization. These material remains provide insight into their urban planning, economy, religious life, and technological advancement.

• Seals: Thousands of seals found at Mohenjodaro and Harappa depict animals, script, and deities. They indicate trade practices, ownership, and possibly religious symbols like the proto-Shiva (Pashupati seal).
• Pottery and Tools: The standardized pottery and tools made of copper and bronze reveal the technological expertise and daily usage patterns.
• Beads and Ornaments: Made of semi-precious stones and metals, these artifacts indicate aesthetic sense, trade networks, and social status.
• Weights and Measures: The uniform system of weights reflects a regulated trade system and standardized economic transactions.
• Urban Remains: Granaries, drainage systems, and citadels reveal advanced town planning and state control over resources.

Thus, artifacts act as a bridge to interpret the cultural, economic, and spiritual lives of the Harappans.