Question

What are the common features of neurodevelopmental disorders? Describe any three neurodevelopmental disorders.

Hint:

When answering questions about neurodevelopmental disorders, highlight their impact on development and functioning of individuals.

Answer 1

Common Features of Neurodevelopmental Disorders:
Early Manifestation: These disorders usually manifest in the early stages of development. Symptoms are often seen before a child enters school or during the early stages of schooling, and have a lasting impact on development.
Impairment in Functioning: They result in significant functional impairments, especially in personal, social, academic and occupational functioning. The difficulties are usually persistent and are seen in various aspects of life.
Deficits or Excesses: These disorders are characterized by deficits or excesses in a particular behavior, or delays in achieving an appropriate behavior for the individual’s age.
Three Neurodevelopmental Disorders:
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): ADHD is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It often impacts academic, social and occupational performance. It usually begins during childhood.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): ASD is characterized by impairments in social interactions, communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is often detected at a young age and has a lasting impact on an individual’s relationships.
Intellectual Disability: Intellectual disability involves limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. It has its origin during the developmental stage and leads to various challenges in life.
Specific Learning Disorder: Specific learning disorder involves difficulties in learning and using academic skills such as reading, writing or mathematics.