Question

All normal human cells have genes that may become cancerous under certain conditions. Name them and explain how.

Answer 1

The genes that may become cancerous under certain conditions are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. 
1. Oncogenes:- Oncogenes are mutated forms of normal genes called proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes normally promote cell growth and division. However, when mutated or overexpressed, they become oncogenes, leading to uncontrolled cell division and potentially causing cancer.- Example: The Ras gene, when mutated, continuously signals the cell to divide, even when not needed, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation. 
2. Tumor Suppressor Genes:- Tumor suppressor genes are responsible for inhibiting cell growth and promoting the repair of damaged DNA or apoptosis (programmed cell death). If these genes are mutated or inactivated, cells can bypass growth control mechanisms and continue to divide.- Example: The p53 gene is a critical tumor suppressor gene. When it is mutated, it fails to prevent the division of cells with damaged DNA, which can lead to cancer development.