A capacitor, \( C_1 = 6 \, \mu F \), is charged to a potential difference of \( V_1 = 5 \, \text{V} \) using a 5V battery. The battery is removed and another capacitor, \( C_2 = 12 \, \mu F \), is inserted in place of the battery. When the switch 'S' is closed, the charge flows between the capacitors for some time until equilibrium condition is reached. What are the charges \( q_1 \) and \( q_2 \) on the capacitors \( C_1 \) and \( C_2 \) when equilibrium condition is reached?
Show Hint
When capacitors are in parallel and the switch is closed, the total charge is conserved, and the potential across all capacitors will be the same at equilibrium. Use charge conservation and the capacitance values to find the final charges on each capacitor.
Step 1: At \( t = 0 \), the initial charge on \( C_1 \) is:
\[
q_1 = C_1 \cdot V_1 = 6 \, \mu F \cdot 5 \, \text{V} = 30 \, \mu C
\]
Step 2: After the switch 'S' is closed, charge flows until equilibrium is reached, and the total charge is distributed between the two capacitors. The final charge on each capacitor can be found using the conservation of charge and voltage.
At equilibrium, the potential difference across both capacitors will be the same. Let \( V_c \) be the common potential difference at equilibrium.
\[
q_1 = C_1 \cdot V_c \quad \text{and} \quad q_2 = C_2 \cdot V_c
\]
Using the total charge conservation:
\[
q_1 + q_2 = 30 \, \mu C \quad \text{(total charge is conserved)}
\]
Substitute the expressions for \( q_1 \) and \( q_2 \):
\[
C_1 \cdot V_c + C_2 \cdot V_c = 30 \, \mu C
\]
\[
V_c \cdot (C_1 + C_2) = 30 \, \mu C
\]
Now, solve for \( V_c \):
\[
V_c = \frac{30 \, \mu C}{C_1 + C_2} = \frac{30 \, \mu C}{6 \, \mu F + 12 \, \mu F} = \frac{30 \, \mu C}{18 \, \mu F} = 1.67 \, \text{V}
\]
Step 3: Finally, the charges on the capacitors are:
\[
q_1 = C_1 \cdot V_c = 6 \, \mu F \cdot 1.67 \, \text{V} = 10 \, \mu C
\]
\[
q_2 = C_2 \cdot V_c = 12 \, \mu F \cdot 1.67 \, \text{V} = 20 \, \mu C
\]
Thus, the charges are \( q_1 = 10 \, \mu C \) and \( q_2 = 20 \, \mu C \), so the correct answer is option (3).
