List of top Chemistry Questions asked in CBSE CLASS XII

Give chemical tests to distinguish between the following pairs of compounds:
(i) Phenol and Benzoic acid:
(ii) Propanal and Propanone:

Explain the following terms:
(a) Essential amino acids:
(b) Peptide bond:
(c) Denaturation:

Calculate emf of the following cell at 25°C:
Sn/Sn$^{2+}$(0.001 M) || H$^+$(0.01 M) | H$_2$(g)(1 bar) | Pt(s)
Given: E°(Sn$^{2+}$/Sn) = -0.14 V, E° H$^+$/H$_2$ = 0.00 V (log 10 = 1)

The presence of –NO$_2$ group at ortho or para position increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution reactions. Give reason to explain the above statement.

What is meant by a unidentate ligand? Give an example.

Which one of the given compounds is a stronger acid and why?
CH$_2$FCH$_2$COOH or CH$_3$CHFCH$_2$COOH

Write chemical equations for the following reactions:
(a) Hydroboration – Oxidation reaction:
(b) Williamson Synthesis:
(c) Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Anisole:
(d) Reimer-Tiemann Reaction:

What happens when glucose reacts with bromine water? Write the chemical equation.

18 g of a non-volatile solute is dissolved in 200 g of H$_2$O, and it freezes at 272.07 K. Calculate the molecular mass of the solute (K$_f$ for water = 1.86 K kg mol$^{-1}$).

Which compound in the given pair will undergo S$_N$2 reaction at a faster rate and why?
CH$_3$–CH$_2$–I and CH$_3$–CH$_2$–Br

Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their boiling points:
Butane, 1-Bromobutane, 1-Iodobutane, 1-Chlorobutane

Write the stepwise mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions in the carbonyl compounds.

How will you convert the following?
(i) Toluene to Benzoic acid:
(ii) Ethanol to 3-Hydroxybutanal:

Write the electronic configuration for d$^4$ ion if \( \Delta_0 < P \) on the basis of crystal field theory.

Assertion (A): Fructose is a reducing sugar.
Reason (R): Fructose does not reduce Fehling solution and Tollen’s reagent.

Assertion (A): For a Daniell cell, Zn/Zn$^{2+}$(1M) || Cu$^{2+}$(1M)/Cu with \( E_{\text{cell}} = 1.1 \, V \), if the external opposing potential is more than 1.1 V, the electrons flow from Cu to Zn.
Reason (R): Cell acts like a galvanic cell.

Assertion (A): Benzoic acid does not undergo Friedel – Crafts reaction.
Reason (R): Carboxyl group is deactivating and the catalyst aluminium chloride gets bonded to the carboxyl group.

Assertion (A): p-nitrophenol is less acidic than phenol.
Reason (R): Nitro group is electron-withdrawing and helps in the stabilization of p-nitrophenoxide ion.

Define the following terms:
(a) Order of Reaction:
(b) Activation Energy:

Match the reagents required for the given reactions: I. Oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes (p) \(NaBH_4\)
II. Butan-2-one to Butan-2-ol (q) 85% phosphoric acid at 440 K
III. Bromination of Phenol to 2, 4, 6- (r) PCC Tribromophenol
IV. Dehydration of propan-2-ol to (s) Bromine water propene

The Valence Bond Theory (VBT) explains the formation, magnetic behaviour and geometrical shapes of coordination compounds whereas ’The Crystal Field Theory’ for coordination compounds is based on the effect of different crystal fields (provided by ligands taken as point charges), on the degeneracy of d-orbital energies of the central metal atom/ion. The splitting of the d-orbitals provides different electronic arrangements in strong and weak crystal fields. The crystal field theory attributes the colour of the coordination compounds to d-d transition of the electron. Coordination compounds find extensive applications in metallurgical processes, analytical and medicinal chemistry.
Answer the following questions:

Write the structures of A and B in the following reaction: \[ \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{COOH} \xrightarrow{\text{NH}_3, \Delta} A \xrightarrow{\text{Br}_2/\text{NaOH}} B \]

How will you convert aniline to p-bromoaniline?

Complete the following reaction: \[ \text{C}_6\text{H}_5\text{N}_2^+Cl^- \xrightarrow{\text{(i) HBF}_4} \xrightarrow{\text{(ii) NaNO}_2/\text{Cu}, \Delta} \quad ? \]