Comprehension
The Indian legal system places a significant emphasis on protecting the rights and welfare of children. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, is a vital piece of legislation in this regard. It is designed to ensure that children in conflict with the law receive special care, protection, and treatment, with the ultimate goal of their rehabilitation and reintegration into society.
One of the key provisions of the Act is the establishment of Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) at the district level. These boards consist of a Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class and two social workers, at least one of whom should be a woman. The primary function of the JJB is to determine the age of the juvenile, the circumstances in which the offense was committed, and whether the juvenile should be sent to a special home or released on probation.
The Act makes a clear distinction between a “child in conflict with the law” and a “child in need of care and protection.” A child in conflict with the law is one who has committed an offense, while a child in need of care and protection is a child who is vulnerable or at risk and requires special care and support.
The Act introduces a unique approach to dealing with children who are in conflict with the law. For children between the ages of 16 and 18, who have committed heinous offenses, they can be tried as adults, subject to a preliminary assessment by the Juvenile Justice Board. This assessment considers the child’s mental and physical capacity to commit such an offense. If the board determines that the child should be tried as an adult, the case is transferred to the regular criminal courts.
The Act also places restrictions on the publication of information that could lead to the identification of a juvenile offender. This is done to protect the privacy and future prospects of the child.
One of the key provisions of the Act is the establishment of Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) at the district level. These boards consist of a Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class and two social workers, at least one of whom should be a woman. The primary function of the JJB is to determine the age of the juvenile, the circumstances in which the offense was committed, and whether the juvenile should be sent to a special home or released on probation.
The Act makes a clear distinction between a “child in conflict with the law” and a “child in need of care and protection.” A child in conflict with the law is one who has committed an offense, while a child in need of care and protection is a child who is vulnerable or at risk and requires special care and support.
The Act introduces a unique approach to dealing with children who are in conflict with the law. For children between the ages of 16 and 18, who have committed heinous offenses, they can be tried as adults, subject to a preliminary assessment by the Juvenile Justice Board. This assessment considers the child’s mental and physical capacity to commit such an offense. If the board determines that the child should be tried as an adult, the case is transferred to the regular criminal courts.
The Act also places restrictions on the publication of information that could lead to the identification of a juvenile offender. This is done to protect the privacy and future prospects of the child.
Question: 1
What is the primary objective of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015?
What is the primary objective of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- To punish child offenders
- To rehabilitate and reintegrate children in conflict with the law
- To remove all forms of violence against children
- To increase the age of criminal responsibility
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the purpose of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015:
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, is a vital piece of legislation in India designed to ensure the welfare and protection of children, particularly those in conflict with the law. The primary focus of this Act is to provide special care, treatment, and rehabilitation to these children with the ultimate goal of their reintegration into society.
Step 2: Analyzing the Act's key provisions:
The Act outlines a process where children in conflict with the law are not treated as criminals but are given opportunities for rehabilitation and reform. Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) are set up at the district level to address the cases of children in conflict with the law. The Act also distinguishes between a child who has committed an offense and one who requires care and protection, ensuring that each group is treated appropriately.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The primary objective of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, is to rehabilitate and reintegrate children in conflict with the law into society, emphasizing their well-being and rehabilitation rather than punishment.
The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, is a vital piece of legislation in India designed to ensure the welfare and protection of children, particularly those in conflict with the law. The primary focus of this Act is to provide special care, treatment, and rehabilitation to these children with the ultimate goal of their reintegration into society.
Step 2: Analyzing the Act's key provisions:
The Act outlines a process where children in conflict with the law are not treated as criminals but are given opportunities for rehabilitation and reform. Juvenile Justice Boards (JJBs) are set up at the district level to address the cases of children in conflict with the law. The Act also distinguishes between a child who has committed an offense and one who requires care and protection, ensuring that each group is treated appropriately.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The primary objective of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, is to rehabilitate and reintegrate children in conflict with the law into society, emphasizing their well-being and rehabilitation rather than punishment.
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Question: 2
Who makes up the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB)?
Who makes up the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB)?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- Two Judges
- A Metropolitan Magistrate and two Lawyers
- A Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class and two Social Workers.
- Three Police Officers.
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the structure of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB):
The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is an essential part of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, which is designed to ensure the protection and rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law. The board is responsible for determining the age, circumstances of the offense, and the treatment of the child involved in the legal process.
Step 2: Composition of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB):
According to the passage, the Juvenile Justice Board is made up of the following members: 1. A Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class. 2. Two social workers, with at least one being a woman.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) consists of A Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class and two Social Workers, as described in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.
The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is an essential part of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, which is designed to ensure the protection and rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law. The board is responsible for determining the age, circumstances of the offense, and the treatment of the child involved in the legal process.
Step 2: Composition of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB):
According to the passage, the Juvenile Justice Board is made up of the following members: 1. A Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class. 2. Two social workers, with at least one being a woman.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) consists of A Metropolitan Magistrate or Judicial Magistrate of the first class and two Social Workers, as described in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.
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Question: 3
What is the role of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB)?
What is the role of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB)?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- To determine the punishment for juvenile offenders
- To decide whether a child should be sent to a regular prison
- To assess the age and circumstances of the juvenile, and make decisions on rehabilitation.
- To prosecute child offenders.
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the role of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB):
The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) plays a critical role in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. It is tasked with addressing the needs and circumstances of children who are in conflict with the law. The board functions as a specialized body aimed at protecting the welfare of children while ensuring justice is served.
Step 2: Responsibilities of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB):
The primary role of the JJB is to assess various aspects of the juvenile’s case: 1. Assess the age of the juvenile: One of the key duties of the board is to determine the correct age of the child involved in the offense, as age plays a significant role in how the case is handled.
2. Assess the circumstances of the offense: The board considers the situation in which the offense was committed, which helps in understanding the juvenile’s involvement in the act.
3. Make decisions on rehabilitation: Based on the findings, the JJB decides the appropriate course of action, whether it is sending the juvenile to a special home, offering probation, or other rehabilitative measures.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The role of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is to assess the age and circumstances of the juvenile, and make decisions on rehabilitation to ensure the juvenile's best interests are taken into account and that they are reintegrated into society in a positive manner.
The Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) plays a critical role in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015. It is tasked with addressing the needs and circumstances of children who are in conflict with the law. The board functions as a specialized body aimed at protecting the welfare of children while ensuring justice is served.
Step 2: Responsibilities of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB):
The primary role of the JJB is to assess various aspects of the juvenile’s case: 1. Assess the age of the juvenile: One of the key duties of the board is to determine the correct age of the child involved in the offense, as age plays a significant role in how the case is handled.
2. Assess the circumstances of the offense: The board considers the situation in which the offense was committed, which helps in understanding the juvenile’s involvement in the act.
3. Make decisions on rehabilitation: Based on the findings, the JJB decides the appropriate course of action, whether it is sending the juvenile to a special home, offering probation, or other rehabilitative measures.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The role of the Juvenile Justice Board (JJB) is to assess the age and circumstances of the juvenile, and make decisions on rehabilitation to ensure the juvenile's best interests are taken into account and that they are reintegrated into society in a positive manner.
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Question: 4
What is the distinction between a ‘‘child in conflict with the law’’ and a ‘‘child in need of care and protection’’ ?
What is the distinction between a ‘‘child in conflict with the law’’ and a ‘‘child in need of care and protection’’ ?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- There is no distinction; both terms mean the same thing.
- A ‘‘child in conflict with the law’’ has committed a crime, while a ‘‘child in need of care and protection’’ is vulnerable or at risk.
- A ‘‘child in need of care and protection’’ is more likely to commit crimes.
- A ‘‘child in conflict with the law’’ is an adolescent offender.
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the definitions of the terms:
The passage makes a clear distinction between two types of children under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: a "child in conflict with the law" and a "child in need of care and protection." These terms are used to categorize children based on their circumstances and needs.
Step 2: Analyzing the distinction:
1. Child in conflict with the law: This refers to a child who has committed an offense or crime. These children are in conflict with the law due to their involvement in illegal activities. They may face legal consequences, but their treatment is handled with an emphasis on rehabilitation and reintegration into society.
2. Child in need of care and protection: This refers to a child who is vulnerable or at risk, but not necessarily involved in any criminal activity. Such children may face abuse, neglect, or other dangerous circumstances that require special care and protection. These children may need support for their safety, well-being, and overall development.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The distinction between these two types of children is that a ‘‘child in conflict with the law’’ has committed a crime, while a ‘‘child in need of care and protection’’ is vulnerable or at risk and requires special care and support.
The passage makes a clear distinction between two types of children under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: a "child in conflict with the law" and a "child in need of care and protection." These terms are used to categorize children based on their circumstances and needs.
Step 2: Analyzing the distinction:
1. Child in conflict with the law: This refers to a child who has committed an offense or crime. These children are in conflict with the law due to their involvement in illegal activities. They may face legal consequences, but their treatment is handled with an emphasis on rehabilitation and reintegration into society.
2. Child in need of care and protection: This refers to a child who is vulnerable or at risk, but not necessarily involved in any criminal activity. Such children may face abuse, neglect, or other dangerous circumstances that require special care and protection. These children may need support for their safety, well-being, and overall development.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The distinction between these two types of children is that a ‘‘child in conflict with the law’’ has committed a crime, while a ‘‘child in need of care and protection’’ is vulnerable or at risk and requires special care and support.
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Question: 5
Under what circumstances can children between the ages of 16 and 18 be tried as adults?
Under what circumstances can children between the ages of 16 and 18 be tried as adults?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- They can always be tried as adults
- After a preliminary assessment by the Juvenile Justice Board.
- When they have committed any offense, regardless of the severity
- When they reach the age of 18.
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the special provision for children aged 16 to 18:
Under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, a unique provision exists for children between the ages of 16 and 18 who have committed heinous offenses. The law allows for the possibility of these children being tried as adults under certain conditions. The objective of this provision is to address cases where a child has committed a serious crime and may be held more accountable for their actions.
Step 2: Role of the Juvenile Justice Board in the assessment:
The Act mandates that before any decision is made about trying a child as an adult, a preliminary assessment must be conducted by the Juvenile Justice Board. This assessment is crucial as it evaluates the child's mental and physical capacity to commit the offense, and whether they can be held accountable in the same way as an adult. The board considers the severity of the crime, the child’s level of maturity, and other relevant factors.
Step 3: Conclusion:
Children between the ages of 16 and 18 can be tried as adults after a preliminary assessment by the Juvenile Justice Board, which determines their mental and physical capacity to commit the offense.
Under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, a unique provision exists for children between the ages of 16 and 18 who have committed heinous offenses. The law allows for the possibility of these children being tried as adults under certain conditions. The objective of this provision is to address cases where a child has committed a serious crime and may be held more accountable for their actions.
Step 2: Role of the Juvenile Justice Board in the assessment:
The Act mandates that before any decision is made about trying a child as an adult, a preliminary assessment must be conducted by the Juvenile Justice Board. This assessment is crucial as it evaluates the child's mental and physical capacity to commit the offense, and whether they can be held accountable in the same way as an adult. The board considers the severity of the crime, the child’s level of maturity, and other relevant factors.
Step 3: Conclusion:
Children between the ages of 16 and 18 can be tried as adults after a preliminary assessment by the Juvenile Justice Board, which determines their mental and physical capacity to commit the offense.
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Question: 6
What is the purpose of placing restrictions on the publication of information related to juvenile offenders?
What is the purpose of placing restrictions on the publication of information related to juvenile offenders?
Updated On: Jun 11, 2025
- To increase the age of criminal responsibility.
- To protect the privacy and future prospects of the child.
- To encourage public shaming of juvenile offenders
- To help law enforcement track juvenile offenders.
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Understanding the need for restrictions on the publication of information:
In the context of juvenile offenders, the law places certain restrictions on the publication of information that could lead to the identification of the child involved in an offense. These restrictions are put in place to safeguard the rights of juveniles and prevent undue harm to their lives and future.
Step 2: The purpose of these restrictions:
The primary reason for limiting the publication of identifying information about juvenile offenders is to protect the privacy and future prospects of the child. Publicizing such details could lead to social stigma, discrimination, and a long-lasting negative impact on the juvenile’s life. By keeping the identity of the juvenile confidential, the law ensures that the child has the opportunity to reintegrate into society and live a life free from the burden of their past actions.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The purpose of placing restrictions on the publication of information related to juvenile offenders is to protect the privacy and future prospects of the child, allowing them to rehabilitate and move forward without lasting harm to their personal and social life.
In the context of juvenile offenders, the law places certain restrictions on the publication of information that could lead to the identification of the child involved in an offense. These restrictions are put in place to safeguard the rights of juveniles and prevent undue harm to their lives and future.
Step 2: The purpose of these restrictions:
The primary reason for limiting the publication of identifying information about juvenile offenders is to protect the privacy and future prospects of the child. Publicizing such details could lead to social stigma, discrimination, and a long-lasting negative impact on the juvenile’s life. By keeping the identity of the juvenile confidential, the law ensures that the child has the opportunity to reintegrate into society and live a life free from the burden of their past actions.
Step 3: Conclusion:
The purpose of placing restrictions on the publication of information related to juvenile offenders is to protect the privacy and future prospects of the child, allowing them to rehabilitate and move forward without lasting harm to their personal and social life.
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Questions Asked in CLAT exam
- From a very early age, I knew that when I grew up, I should be a writer. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. I wanted to write enormous naturalistic novels with unhappy endings, full of detailed descriptions and arresting similes, and also full of purple passages in which words were used partly for the sake of their sound. I give all this background information because I do not think one can assess a writer's motives without knowing something of his early development.
His subject-matter will be determined by the age he lives in — at least this is true in tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own — but before he ever begins to write he will have acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. It is his job to discipline his temperament, but if he escapes from his early influences altogether, he will have killed his impulse to write. I think there are four great motives for writing, at any rate for writing prose. They are: (i) Sheer egoism: Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood; (ii) Aesthetic enthusiasm: Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed (iii) Historical impulse: Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity (iv) Political purpose: Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people's idea of the kind of society that they should strive after.
[Extracted with edits from George Orwell's "Why I Write"]- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- The right kind of education consists in understanding the child as he is without imposing upon him an ideal of what we think he should be. To enclose him in the framework of an ideal is to encourage him to conform, which breeds fear and produces in him a constant conflict between what he is and what he should be: and all inward conflicts have their outward manifestations in society. If the parent loves the child, he observes him, he studies his tendencies, his moods, and peculiarities. It is only when one feels no love for the child that one imposes upon him an ideal, for then one's ambitions are trying to fulfill themselves in him, wanting him to become this or that. If one loves, not the ideal but the child, then there is a possibility of helping him to understand himself as he is.
Ideals are a convenient escape, and the teacher who follows them is incapable of understanding his students and dealing with them intelligently; for him, the future ideal, the what should be, is far more important than the present child. The pursuit of an ideal excludes love, and without love no human problem can be solved. If the teacher is of the right kind, he will not depend on a method, but will study each individual pupil. In our relationship with children and young people, we are not dealing with mechanical devices that can be quickly repaired, but with living beings who are impressionable, volatile, sensitive, afraid, affectionate: and to deal with them, we have to have great understanding, the strength of patience and love. When we lack these, we look to quick and easy remedies and hope for marvellous and automatic results. If we are unaware, mechanical in our attitudes and actions, we fight shy of any demand upon us that is disturbing and that cannot be met by an automatic response, and this is one of our major difficulties in education.
(Extract with edits from "The right kind of Education" by J. Krishna Murti)- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- Education is not the amount of information that is put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of ideas.... If education were identical with information, the libraries are the sages in the world and encyclopaedias are the rishis. Getting by heart the thoughts of others in a foreign language and stuffing your brain with them and taking some University degree, you consider yourself educated. Is this education? What is the goal of your education? Open your eyes and see what a piteous cry for food is rising in the land of Bharata, proverbial for its food. Will your education fulfill this want?
We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on one's own feet. What we need to study independent of foreign control, different branches of the knowledge that is our own, and with it the English language and Western science; we need technical education and all else that will develop industries so that men instead of seeking for service may earn enough to provide for themselves and save against a rainy day. The end of all education, all training, should be man-making. The end and aim of all training are to make the man grow. The training by which the current expression of will are brought under control and become fruitful, is called education. What our country now wants are muscles of iron and nerves of steel, gigantic wills, which nothing can resist, which can penetrate into the mysteries and secrets of the universe and will accomplish their purpose in any fashion, even if it meant going down to the bottom of the ocean, meeting death face to face.
There is only one method of attaining knowledge. It is by concentration. The very essence of education is concentration of mind. From the lowest to the highest man, all have to use the same method to attain knowledge. The chemist who works in the laboratory concentrates on elements to analyze them. Knowledge is acquired by concentration.
[Extracted with edits from "Education" by Swami Vivekananda]- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- Punctually at midday, he opened his bag and spread out his professional equipment, which consisted of a dozen cowrie shells, a square piece of cloth with obscure mystic charts on it, a notebook, and a bundle of palmyra writing. His forehead was dazzling with sacred ash and vermilion, and his eyes sparkled with a sharp, abnormal gleam which was really an outcome of a continual searching look for customers, but which his simple clients took to be a prophetic light and felt comforted. The power of his eyes was considerably enhanced by their position placed as they were between the painted forehead and the dark whiskers which streamed down his cheeks: even a half-wit's eyes would sparkle in such a setting. People were attracted to him as bees are attracted to cosmos or dahlia stalks, He sat under the boughs of a spreading tamarind tree which flanked a path running through the town hall park, It was a remarkable place in many ways: a surging crowd was always moving up and down this narrow road morning till night. A variety of trades and occupations was represented all along its way: medicine sellers, sellers of stolen hardware and junk, magicians, and, above all, an auctioneer of cheap cloth, who created enough din all day to attract the whole town. Next to him in vociferousness came a vendor of fried groundnut, who gave his ware a fancy name each day, calling it "Bombay Ice Cream" one day, and on the next "Delhi Almond," and on the third "Raja's Delicacy," and so on and so forth, and people flocked to him. A considerable portion of this crowd dallied before the astrologer too. The astrologer transacted his business by the light of a flare which crackled and smoked up above the groundnut heap nearby.
(Extracted with edits from "An Astrologer's Day" by R.K. Narayan)- CLAT - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- The "Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam", 2023 Act received near-unanimous support in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The legislation mandates the reservation of one-third of all seats in the Lok Sabha, state legislative assemblies, and Delhi (as a union territory with an elected assembly) for women. This linking of the implementation of the Act to the implementing of two long-term exercises of census and delimitation, makes little sense to many, and sounds quite like empowerment delayed for now.
In a 2012 article 'Holding Up Half the Sky: Reservations for Women in India', Rudolf C Heredia breaks down the common misconceptions that cloud our understanding of women's political participation- "When women do attain a national leadership role it is often because they have inherited the mantle from their fathers ophusbands, rather than as persons in their own right and are then projected as matriarchs, part of the joint family, complementary to the patriarchy rather than a challenge to it."
In 'Equality versus Empowerment: Women in Indian Legislature', 2023, Soumya Bhowmick makes the case for going a step beyond quotas, and to turn our attention to the complexities that shape women's agency in the country. This, he argues, would require a bottoms-up approach, rather than merely handing out reservations in a top-down manner. "In a country like India with a considerably large heterogeneous population, the dissemination of legislative power would be insufficient to protect the interests of minority groups such as women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes." He concludes that "implementing the idea of reservation for women would bring about descriptive representation, but its transformation into substantive representation would depend on the change in the attitudes of the people."
While the reservation of one-third of seats for women belonging to the scheduled castes and tribes under the amendment to article 330a and 332 of the constitution is a welcome step, it remains to be seen whether it fully acknowledges the complex interplay of hierarchies, socio-political relationships which also affect the extent and nature of complications that surround effective realisation of women's politics for Indian politics to emerge as a truly emancipatory space.- CLAT - 2025
- National Affairs
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