The graph which represents the following reaction is :
The graph which represents the following reaction is :
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Understanding the reaction mechanism is crucial for determining the rate law and the dependence of the reaction rate on the concentrations of the reactants.
The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Identify the Reaction Mechanism
The given reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction, specifically an \(\text{S}_\text{N}1\) reaction. The \(\text{S}_\text{N}1\) mechanism proceeds in two steps:
Ionization: The C-Cl bond breaks to form a carbocation intermediate \((\text{C}_6\text{H}_5)_3\text{C}^+\) and a chloride ion (\(\text{Cl}^-\)). This step is slow and rate-determining.
Nucleophilic Attack: The hydroxide ion (\(\text{OH}^-\)) attacks the carbocation to form the product \((\text{C}_6\text{H}_5)_3\text{C} - \text{OH}\). This step is fast.
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The speed at which a chemical reaction takes place is called the rate of reaction. The rate of reaction depends on various factors like concentration of the reactants, temperature, etc. The relation between the rate of reaction and the concentration of reacting species is represented by the equation \( r = k[A]^x[B]^y \), where \( x \) and \( y \) are the order of the reaction with respect to the reactants A and B, respectively. The overall order of the reaction is \( x + y \). The rate of reaction can also be increased by the use of a catalyst which provides an alternate pathway of lower activation energy. It increases the rate of forward and backward reactions to an equal extent. It does not alter the Gibbs energy of the reaction.
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Concepts Used:
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical kinetics is the description of the rate of a chemical reaction. This is the rate at which the reactants are transformed into products. This may take place by abiotic or by biological systems, such as microbial metabolism.
Rate of a Chemical Reaction:
The speed of a reaction or the rate of a reaction can be defined as the change in concentration of a reactant or product in unit time. To be more specific, it can be expressed in terms of: (i) the rate of decrease in the concentration of any one of the reactants, or (ii) the rate of increase in concentration of any one of the products. Consider a hypothetical reaction, assuming that the volume of the system remains constant. R → P
Read More: Chemical Kinetics MCQ
Factors Affecting The Reaction Rate:
- The concentration of Reactants - According to collision theory, which is discussed later, reactant molecules collide with each other to form products.
- Nature of the Reactants - The reaction rate also depends on the types of substances that are reacting.
- Physical State of Reactants - The physical state of a reactant whether it is solid, liquid, or gas can greatly affect the rate of change.
- Surface Area of Reactants - When two or more reactants are in the same phase of fluid, their particles collide more often than when either or both are in the solid phase or when they are in a heterogeneous mixture. In a heterogeneous medium, the collision between the particles occurs at an interface between phases. Compared to the homogeneous case, the number of collisions between reactants per unit time is significantly reduced, and so is the reaction rate.
- Temperature - If the temperature is increased, the number of collisions between reactant molecules per second. Increases, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction.
- Effect Of Solvent - The nature of the solvent also depends on the reaction rate of the solute particles.
- Catalyst - Catalysts alter the rate of the reaction by changing the reaction mechanism.