+I effect decreases the acidic character of carboxylic acid and -I effect increases the acidic character. Since the electronegativity order of 'C' attached to carboxylic acid is \(sp > sp^2 > sp^3\), hence the order is I > II > III > IV.
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The inductive effect spreads the unequal sharing of the electrons along the atoms, in the molecule. This also develops a dipole in the bond. This shifting or distribution of electrons is called the dispersion of electrons.
The inductive effect is due to the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating group in a molecule. The shifting of electrons causes partial charges on the atom. The inductive effect causes permanent polarisation in a carbon chain.
Types of inductive effect
Negative inductive effect: If the atom at the end of the carbon chain is electron withdrawing, it causes negative inductive effect.
Positive inductive effect: If the atom at the end is electron donating, then it is a positive inductive effect.
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Chemical Reactions go with the breaking and bonding of covalent bonds which involve of exchange of electrons. The functional groups of Organic compounds play a consequential role in the process. Based on the above theory, reactions can be classified into five main groups:
Rearrangement Reactions are the type of reactions in which products get formed simply by the rearrangement of atoms and electrons in the reactant molecules.
O
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NH4CNO → NH2 –C – NH2
Substitution Reactions are the reactions in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced by some other atom or group of atoms without any change in the structure of the remaining part of the molecule.
CH3Br + KOH (aqueous) → CH3OH + KBr
Addition Reactions are the reactions in which products get formed by the addition of some reagent to an unsaturated compound.
CH2 = CH2 + HCl → CH5Cl
Elimination Reactions are the reactions in which the products get formed by the loss of simple molecules like HX from the reactant molecules.
C2H5OH → C2H4
A polymerization Reaction is the union of two or more molecules of a substance that form a single molecule with higher molecular weight.
n (CH = CH2) → (-CH2 – CH2 -) n