Comprehension
The Contract Act 1872 deals with contract law in India, its rights, duties, and exceptions arising out of it. Section 2(h) of the Act gives us the definition of a contract, which is simply an agreement enforceable by law. To understand the difference between void agreements and voidable contracts it is important to talk about sections 2(h), 2(a). 20), 2(d), 14, 16 (3) and 15,24-28 of the Indian Contact Act. Void agreements are fundamentally invalid making them unenforceable by default. These agreements cannot be fulfilled as they consist of illegal elements, and they cannot be enforced even after subjecting it to both parties. However, in the case of voidable contract, the agreement is initially enforceable, but it is later on denied at the option of either of the parties due to various reasons.
Unless rejected by a party, this contract will remain valid and enforceable. The party who is at the disadvantage due to any circumstance applicable to the contract has the ability to render the agreement void. A void agreement is void ab initio making it impossible to rectify any defects in it while voidable contracts can be rectified. In case of a void agreement, neither of the parties is subject to any compensation for any losses but voidable contracts have some remedies.
A valid agreement forms a contract that may again be either valid or voidable. The primary difference between a void agreement and voidable contract is that a void agreement cannot be converted into a contract.
(Extracted with edits from A Comparative Study of Voidable Contracts and Void Agreements)
Unless rejected by a party, this contract will remain valid and enforceable. The party who is at the disadvantage due to any circumstance applicable to the contract has the ability to render the agreement void. A void agreement is void ab initio making it impossible to rectify any defects in it while voidable contracts can be rectified. In case of a void agreement, neither of the parties is subject to any compensation for any losses but voidable contracts have some remedies.
A valid agreement forms a contract that may again be either valid or voidable. The primary difference between a void agreement and voidable contract is that a void agreement cannot be converted into a contract.
(Extracted with edits from A Comparative Study of Voidable Contracts and Void Agreements)
Question: 1
Which of the following best describes a void agreement?
Which of the following best describes a void agreement?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- An agreement that is valid until declared invalid by a court
- An agreement that has no legal effect from the beginning
- An agreement that is legally enforceable
- An agreement that can be enforced if one party chooses to do so
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
A void agreement is defined as an agreement that has no legal effect from the beginning. This means it is considered invalid from its outset and cannot be enforced in any court of law. According to the Indian Contract Act, 1872, void agreements are fundamentally flawed, often due to illegal elements, making them unenforceable by default. In contrast, a voidable contract is initially valid and enforceable but may be annulled by one party if certain conditions are met.
The Contract Act outlines the nature of such agreements and contracts:
- Section 2(h) defines a contract as an agreement enforceable by law.
- A valid agreement forms the basis of a contract, which might be valid or voidable.
- However, a void agreement cannot be converted into a contract as it lacks essential legal standing.
In essence, the main characteristic of a void agreement is its inherent lack of legal effect from inception, distinguishing it from voidable contracts or valid agreements.
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Question: 2
A contract between two parties to rob a bank and share the proceeds equally can be termed as:
A contract between two parties to rob a bank and share the proceeds equally can be termed as:
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Void Contract
- Valid Contract
- Voidable Contract
- Legally Enforceable Contract
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The Correct Option is A
Solution and Explanation
In legal studies, it's crucial to understand different types of contracts as per the Contract Act 1872. The options provided relate to the nature of a contractual agreement between two parties planning to engage in illegal activities, such as robbing a bank.
A contract is defined in Section 2(h) as an agreement enforceable by law. For an agreement to be a valid contract, it should not involve illegal actions or purposes. Here's why a contract to rob a bank is considered a 'void contract':
- Void Contract: According to the Act, a void contract consists of agreements that are fundamentally invalid due to illegal components. Robbing a bank is illegal, making any agreement regarding it unenforceable by law, hence void.
- Valid Contract: This requires legality of purpose, which is absent in this scenario as robbing a bank is illegal.
- Voidable Contract: Such contracts are initially valid but can become void at the discretion of one party. However, they start with legality, unlike a robbery agreement.
- Legally Enforceable Contract: Necessitates lawful actions, which clearly isn't applicable to illegal endeavors.
Based on these explanations, the agreement to rob a bank is a 'Void Contract' as it involves illegal activity.
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Question: 3
An agreement made by an adult but involving a minor child where the signatory is a minor child himself, this agreement would be:
An agreement made by an adult but involving a minor child where the signatory is a minor child himself, this agreement would be:
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- A valid and enforceable agreement
- A voidable agreement
- A void agreement
- An agreement that cannot be enforced by the minor
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
To determine the nature of the agreement made by an adult but involving a minor where the signatory is a minor child himself, we can analyze it under the Indian Contract Act, 1872. According to Section 2(h) of the Act, a contract is an agreement enforceable by law. However, agreements involving minors have specific considerations.
Key points from the Indian Contract Act:
- A "void agreement" is an agreement that is not enforceable by law and is considered never to have existed (void ab initio).
- A "voidable contract" is initially valid and enforceable but can be declared void at the discretion of one party.
Given the comprehension from the Act, an agreement signed by a minor and involving them is a "void agreement" because:
- Minors lack the legal capacity to enter into agreements enforceable by law.
- Such agreements cannot be rectified or enforced even when involving adult parties.
Thus, the agreement described would be classified as:
A void agreement
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Question: 4
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a void agreement?
Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a void agreement?
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- An agreement signed by someone under duress
- A contract with mutually agreed terms to sell a house
- An agreement to pay 10 lakhs on getting a government job
- A contract with a minor who understands the terms
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
To determine which scenario would most likely result in a void agreement, we need to analyze the options based on the principles outlined in the Indian Contract Act, 1872.
Understanding Void Agreements: A void agreement is one that cannot be enforced by law due to missing elements required for a valid contract. Such agreements are "void ab initio," meaning they are invalid from the start and cannot be remedied or enforced.
| Scenario | Analysis | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|
| An agreement signed by someone under duress | This scenario describes a voidable contract, not a void agreement. The contract is enforceable unless the disadvantaged party chooses to void it. | Voidable, not void |
| A contract with mutually agreed terms to sell a house | This represents a valid contract. It is enforceable by law with no fundamental illegal elements. | Valid |
| An agreement to pay 10 lakhs on getting a government job | This is likely a void agreement because it involves an agreement that lacks lawful consideration. Consideration based on obtaining a government job is illegal. | Void |
| A contract with a minor who understands the terms | Contracts with minors are generally considered void, as minors lack the capacity to contract. | Void |
Conclusion: The scenario "An agreement to pay 10 lakhs on getting a government job" is most likely a void agreement, as it involves unlawful consideration which cannot form the basis of a legal contract, thus rendering it unenforceable by law.
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Question: 5
An agreement made without consideration is generally:
An agreement made without consideration is generally:
Updated On: Sep 10, 2025
- Valid agreement
- Enforceable agreement
- Void agreement
- Voidable agreement
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
To determine the nature of an agreement made without consideration, we must examine the principles outlined in the Indian Contract Act, 1872. According to Section 2(h) of the Act, a contract is defined as "an agreement enforceable by law." This implies that for an agreement to qualify as a contract, it must possess certain essential elements, one of which is consideration.
Consideration is defined in Section 2(d) of the Act. It refers to something of value exchanged between the parties as part of a contractual agreement. It’s essential because it signifies that both parties intend to enter into an enforceable agreement, thus establishing a mutual consent requirement. The absence of this component renders the agreement void, underlining its critical role in contract formation.
Regarding the options provided:
- Valid agreement: This is incorrect because an agreement without consideration does not meet the necessary criteria outlined in the Act and thus cannot be valid.
- Enforceable agreement: Also incorrect, as enforceability under law requires all elements of a contract, including consideration, to be present.
- Void agreement: Correct. A void agreement is legally unenforceable due to the absence of its essential components, such as consideration. Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act states that an agreement without consideration is void unless it falls under specific exceptions.
- Voidable agreement: Not applicable in this context. A voidable agreement is initially valid until annulled by one of the parties due to reasons like coercion or fraud, but it always requires valid consideration at its inception.
Therefore, under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, an agreement made without consideration is generally a void agreement.
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Top Questions on Contract Law
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Questions Asked in CLAT exam
From a very early age, I knew that when I grew up, I should be a writer. I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons, and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts, and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure in everyday life. I wanted to write enormous naturalistic novels with unhappy endings, full of detailed descriptions and arresting similes, and also full of purple passages in which words were used partly for the sake of their sound. I give all this background information because I do not think one can assess a writer's motives without knowing something of his early development.
His subject-matter will be determined by the age he lives in — at least this is true in tumultuous, revolutionary ages like our own — but before he ever begins to write he will have acquired an emotional attitude from which he will never completely escape. It is his job to discipline his temperament, but if he escapes from his early influences altogether, he will have killed his impulse to write. I think there are four great motives for writing, at any rate for writing prose. They are: (i) Sheer egoism: Desire to seem clever, to be talked about, to be remembered after death, to get your own back on grown-ups who snubbed you in childhood; (ii) Aesthetic enthusiasm: Desire to share an experience which one feels is valuable and ought not to be missed (iii) Historical impulse: Desire to see things as they are, to find out true facts and store them up for the use of posterity (iv) Political purpose: Desire to push the world in a certain direction, to alter other people's idea of the kind of society that they should strive after.
[Extracted with edits from George Orwell's "Why I Write"]- CLAT - 2025
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Ideals are a convenient escape, and the teacher who follows them is incapable of understanding his students and dealing with them intelligently; for him, the future ideal, the what should be, is far more important than the present child. The pursuit of an ideal excludes love, and without love no human problem can be solved. If the teacher is of the right kind, he will not depend on a method, but will study each individual pupil. In our relationship with children and young people, we are not dealing with mechanical devices that can be quickly repaired, but with living beings who are impressionable, volatile, sensitive, afraid, affectionate: and to deal with them, we have to have great understanding, the strength of patience and love. When we lack these, we look to quick and easy remedies and hope for marvellous and automatic results. If we are unaware, mechanical in our attitudes and actions, we fight shy of any demand upon us that is disturbing and that cannot be met by an automatic response, and this is one of our major difficulties in education.
(Extract with edits from "The right kind of Education" by J. Krishna Murti)- CLAT - 2025
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We want that education by which character is formed, strength of mind is increased, the intellect is expanded and by which one can stand on one's own feet. What we need to study independent of foreign control, different branches of the knowledge that is our own, and with it the English language and Western science; we need technical education and all else that will develop industries so that men instead of seeking for service may earn enough to provide for themselves and save against a rainy day. The end of all education, all training, should be man-making. The end and aim of all training are to make the man grow. The training by which the current expression of will are brought under control and become fruitful, is called education. What our country now wants are muscles of iron and nerves of steel, gigantic wills, which nothing can resist, which can penetrate into the mysteries and secrets of the universe and will accomplish their purpose in any fashion, even if it meant going down to the bottom of the ocean, meeting death face to face.
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[Extracted with edits from "Education" by Swami Vivekananda]- CLAT - 2025
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(Extracted with edits from "An Astrologer's Day" by R.K. Narayan)- CLAT - 2025
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In a 2012 article 'Holding Up Half the Sky: Reservations for Women in India', Rudolf C Heredia breaks down the common misconceptions that cloud our understanding of women's political participation- "When women do attain a national leadership role it is often because they have inherited the mantle from their fathers ophusbands, rather than as persons in their own right and are then projected as matriarchs, part of the joint family, complementary to the patriarchy rather than a challenge to it."
In 'Equality versus Empowerment: Women in Indian Legislature', 2023, Soumya Bhowmick makes the case for going a step beyond quotas, and to turn our attention to the complexities that shape women's agency in the country. This, he argues, would require a bottoms-up approach, rather than merely handing out reservations in a top-down manner. "In a country like India with a considerably large heterogeneous population, the dissemination of legislative power would be insufficient to protect the interests of minority groups such as women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes." He concludes that "implementing the idea of reservation for women would bring about descriptive representation, but its transformation into substantive representation would depend on the change in the attitudes of the people."
While the reservation of one-third of seats for women belonging to the scheduled castes and tribes under the amendment to article 330a and 332 of the constitution is a welcome step, it remains to be seen whether it fully acknowledges the complex interplay of hierarchies, socio-political relationships which also affect the extent and nature of complications that surround effective realisation of women's politics for Indian politics to emerge as a truly emancipatory space.- CLAT - 2025
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