Question

Suggest measures to reduce the incidence of flood.

Hint:

For flood control measures, categorize your answer into two types: Structural (physical constructions like dams and embankments) and Non-structural (policy and nature-based solutions like afforestation, floodplain zoning, and warning systems).

Answer 1

Floods are a natural disaster that can be managed and their impact can be reduced through a combination of structural and non-structural measures. 
Structural Measures (Engineering Solutions):

\[\begin{array}{rl} \bullet & \text{Construction of Dams and Reservoirs: Building dams on rivers helps to store excess water during heavy rainfall and release it gradually, thereby controlling the flow downstream and preventing floods.} \\ \bullet & \text{Building Embankments and Levees: Constructing raised embankments or floodwalls along river banks can contain the river within its channel and prevent it from spilling over into adjacent floodplains.} \\ \bullet & \text{Improving River Channels: Deepening and widening river channels (dredging) and removing obstructions can increase their water-carrying capacity.} \end{array}\]
 

Non-Structural Measures (Management and Ecological Solutions): 

\[\begin{array}{rl} \bullet & \text{Afforestation and Watershed Management: Planting trees in the river's catchment area helps to increase water infiltration into the soil and reduces surface runoff, which is the primary cause of floods.} \\ \bullet & \text{Floodplain Zoning: Regulating and restricting construction and development in natural floodplains allows these areas to act as natural buffers during high water levels.} \\ \bullet & \text{Flood Forecasting and Warning Systems: Developing advanced systems to monitor rainfall and river levels can provide early warnings to people in flood-prone areas, allowing them to evacuate and take necessary precautions.} \\ \bullet & \text{Public Awareness and Education: Educating communities about flood risks and preparedness measures can significantly reduce the loss of life and property.} \end{array}\]