Question

Student to attempt either option (A) or (B):
(A) Explain what is meant by the term amniocentesis. How is this technique misused in India? 
OR 
(B) Name any two VDs which might occur in a human female. State any two complications in a female if it is left untreated.

Hint:

Amniocentesis is for fetal diagnosis but misused for sex determination. VDs like gonorrhoea and syphilis can cause infertility and reproductive damage.

Answer 1

(A) Step 1: Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to detect chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus.
Step 2: A small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus using a syringe under ultrasound guidance. 
Step 3: Misuse in India:

• The technique is often misused for sex determination.
• This leads to female foeticide, contributing to an imbalanced sex ratio.

OR 
(B) Step 1: Two common venereal diseases (VDs) in females are:

• Gonorrhoea
• Syphilis

Step 2: If left untreated, complications may include:

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can lead to infertility.
• Ectopic pregnancy or damage to reproductive organs.