pH of 1 litre of HCL solution is 1. How much water (in litres) is added to make pH=2?
Solution and Explanation
Given the reaction of N,N-dimethylaniline ('A') with NaNO2 and HX to form 'B', the correct statements are:
(1) The electrophile involved in the reaction is NO+.
(3) The reaction occurs at low temperature.
(4) The product 'B' formed in the above reaction is p-nitroso compound at low temperature.
Explanation:
The reaction is a diazotization reaction specific to tertiary aromatic amines.
NaNO2 and HX generate the nitrosonium ion (NO+), which is the electrophile.
Diazotization reactions are performed at low temperatures to prevent decomposition of intermediates.
The product formed is a p-nitroso compound due to electrophilic aromatic substitution at the para position.
Statement (2) is incorrect because the product is a p-nitroso compound, not an N-nitroso ammonium compound.
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Concepts Used:
Equilibrium
An equilibrium represents a state in a process when the observable properties such as color, temperature, pressure, concentration etc do not show any change.
The word equilibrium means ‘balance’ which indicates that a chemical reaction represents a balance between the reactants and products taking part in the reaction. The equilibrium state is also noticed in certain physical processes such as the melting point of ice at 0℃, both ice and water are present at equilibrium.
In the case of physical processes such as the melting of solid, dissolution of salt in water etc., the equilibrium is called physical equilibrium while the equilibrium associated with chemical reaction is known as chemical equilibrium.
Equilibrium in Chemical changes
The chemical equilibrium in a reversible reaction is the state at which both forward and backward reactions occur at the same speed.
The stage of the reversible reaction at which the concentration of the reactants and products do not change with time is called the equilibrium state.
Read More: Calculating Equilibrium Concentration
Types of Chemical Equilibrium
There are two types of chemical equilibrium:
- Homogeneous Equilibrium
- Heterogeneous Equilibrium
Homogenous Chemical Equilibrium
In this type, the reactants and the products of chemical equilibrium are all in the same phase. Homogenous equilibrium can be further divided into two types: Reactions in which the number of molecules of the products is equal to the number of molecules of the reactants. For example,
- H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)
- N2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2NO (g)
Reactions in which the number of molecules of the products is not equal to the total number of reactant molecules. For example,
- 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)
- COCl2 (g) ⇌ CO (g) + Cl2 (g)
Heterogeneous Chemical Equilibrium
In this type, the reactants and the products of chemical equilibrium are present in different phases. A few examples of heterogeneous equilibrium are listed below.
- CO2 (g) + C (s) ⇌ 2CO (g)
- CaCO3 (s) ⇌ CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
Thus, the different types of chemical equilibrium are based on the phase of the reactants and products.
Check Out: Equilibrium Important Questions