In the Reimer-Tiemann reaction, phenol reacts with chloroform (CHCl$_3$) and aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to form salicylaldehyde via the following mechanism:
Phenol undergoes ortho-substitution due to the electrophilic attack of dichlorocarbene (:CCl$_2$), generated in situ from CHCl$_3$ and NaOH.
The intermediate formed is the sodium salt of dichlorophenol.
On further hydrolysis and protonation, salicylaldehyde is obtained.
The reaction proceeds as:
Let \( y = f(x) \) be the solution of the differential equation
\[ \frac{dy}{dx} + 3y \tan^2 x + 3y = \sec^2 x \]
such that \( f(0) = \frac{e^3}{3} + 1 \), then \( f\left( \frac{\pi}{4} \right) \) is equal to:
Find the IUPAC name of the compound.
If \( \lim_{x \to 0} \left( \frac{\tan x}{x} \right)^{\frac{1}{x^2}} = p \), then \( 96 \ln p \) is: 32