Fish schools in coral reefs can comprise multiple species that swim and forage together. Which one or more of the following options describe(s) potential fitness benefit(s) to individuals in a mixed-species group?
Show Hint
- Individuals of some species draw the attention of predators away from the school, thereby sacrificing themselves for the survival of the group
- Some species join mixed-species groups in order to hybridize
- Larger groups reduce the per capita risk of predation
- Individuals of some species feed on the substrate, while others feed on the invertebrates that are flushed out by the substrate-feeder
The Correct Option is C, D
Solution and Explanation
In mixed-species schools, larger group sizes help reduce the per capita risk of predation through the dilution effect. Additionally, resource partitioning—such as the division of feeding roles—can reduce direct competition, allowing species to coexist and benefit from shared resources (Option D).
Step 2: Analyze the other options.
- Option A – Predator distraction: While predator distraction can occur, it is not a consistent or primary benefit associated specifically with mixed-species groups.
- Option B – Hybridization: Hybridization is not typically a fitness benefit in the context of group foraging or predator avoidance and is not a relevant factor here.
- Option C – Dilution of predation risk: This is a well-documented benefit of forming larger groups, including mixed-species schools, as individual risk is reduced.
- Option D – Division of feeding roles: This allows different species to access different niches, reducing competition and increasing overall efficiency and survival.
- (C) Dilution of predation risk
- (D) Division of feeding roles
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After the 2nd round, the 5th student behind Q leaves the game.
After the 3rd round, the 3rd student behind V leaves the game.
After the 4th round, the 4th student behind U leaves the game.
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