Question

Explain the views of archaeologists on the religious beliefs of the Harappans.

Answer 1

The religious beliefs of the Harappans, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, remain a subject of much debate and research among archaeologists. While no direct written records of religious texts have been discovered, archaeologists have drawn conclusions about the Harappan religion based on the material evidence found at various Harappan sites. Here are some of the key views held by archaeologists:
1. The Worship of Mother Goddess:
One of the most commonly accepted views is that the Harappans worshiped a Mother Goddess, a figure often associated with fertility and prosperity. Archaeological findings, such as numerous figurines depicting a seated female figure, are interpreted by many scholars as representations of the Mother Goddess. These figurines are thought to symbolize fertility, nurturing, and the earth, which were important concepts in Harappan religious beliefs.
2. Animal Worship:
Archaeologists have also found evidence of animal symbolism in Harappan religion. The figure of the bull is frequently depicted in seals, and it is believed to have had religious significance. Some archaeologists suggest that the bull may have symbolized strength, fertility, or the sacred, and its presence in religious contexts indicates its importance in Harappan rituals. Additionally, some scholars have pointed to evidence of other animals, like the elephant and tiger, being revered.
3. Proto-Shiva Depictions:
Another view held by some archaeologists is the potential link between Harappan religious practices and later Hindu deities. Notably, the figure of a horned deity, often seen seated in a meditative pose, has been compared to depictions of the god Shiva in later Vedic traditions. This "Proto-Shiva" figure, found in seals and sculptures, suggests that early forms of Hindu deities or concepts may have had their roots in Harappan religious beliefs.
4. Ritual Baths and Purification:
The Harappans also appear to have placed significant importance on ritual purification. Archaeologists have pointed to the discovery of large public baths, such as the Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro, as evidence of water-related rituals. The act of bathing in these large structures could have been a religious practice associated with purification or an attempt to achieve spiritual cleanliness.
5. Sacred Spaces and Altars:
Archaeologists have identified certain structures in Harappan cities that may have served as places of religious or ritual significance. For example, some structures have been interpreted as altars or sacred spaces where rituals could have been performed. These findings suggest that the Harappans had organized spaces for religious activities, though their specific uses remain unclear.
6. Lack of Major Temples or Monuments:
Despite evidence of religious beliefs, archaeologists have noted the absence of large temples or monumental religious architecture in Harappan sites. This has led some scholars to suggest that the Harappans did not have an organized priesthood or centralized religious authority, and religious practices may have been more decentralized and focused on domestic and community rituals.