Let \( f : (0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R} \) be a twice differentiable function. If for some \( a \neq 0 \), } \[ \int_0^a f(x) \, dx = f(a), \quad f(1) = 1, \quad f(16) = \frac{1}{8}, \quad \text{then } 16 - f^{-1}\left( \frac{1}{16} \right) \text{ is equal to:}\]
Observe the given sequence of nitrogenous bases on a DNA fragment and answer the following questions: 
(a) Name the restriction enzyme which can recognise the DNA sequence.
(b) Write the sequence after restriction enzyme cut the palindrome.
(c) Why are the ends generated after digestion called as ‘Sticky Ends’?
The number of formulas used to decompose the given improper rational functions is given below. By using the given expressions, we can quickly write the integrand as a sum of proper rational functions.

For examples,
