Question

Describe the causes and consequences of the Non-cooperation movement.

Hint:

For historical movements, analyze both the causes and the outcomes. Focus on the role of leadership, mass mobilization, and the impact of key events like the Chauri Chaura incident.

Answer 1

Overview:
The Non-cooperation Movement was a significant phase in India's struggle for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. The movement was a response to British colonial rule, and it marked a shift in the freedom struggle from moderate petitions to mass protests. It aimed to achieve self-rule by encouraging Indians to refuse cooperation with the British government.
Key Points:
1. Causes:
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The brutal killing of hundreds of unarmed Indians by British forces in Amritsar in 1919 deeply angered the Indian population and triggered widespread resentment against British rule.
- Khilafat Movement: The Turkish Caliphate, a symbol of Muslim unity, was under threat from European powers. The Indian Muslims joined forces with Hindus to demand the protection of the Caliphate, which became a part of the non-cooperation struggle.
- Gandhi's Leadership: Gandhi's call for non-violence, self-reliance, and the boycott of British goods attracted widespread support across India, especially in rural areas.
2. Consequences:
- Mass Participation: Millions of Indians from various communities participated in boycotts of British goods, schools, and services. It also led to the resignation of many Indian officials from the colonial government.
- Chauri Chaura Incident: The movement saw significant non-violent protests; however, the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, where a mob turned violent and killed police officers, led to Gandhi calling off the movement.
- Strengthened Nationalism: Though the movement was called off, it significantly raised awareness of the need for self-rule and laid the foundation for future mass movements in the fight for independence.