In the Darwinian sense, \(\_\_\_\_\_\_\) refers to the ability of an organism to survive and produce a large number of fertile offspring.
\[ \begin{array}{|c|l|} \hline \textbf{Theory of Learning} & \textbf{Psychologist} \\ \hline \text{I. Classical Conditioning} & \text{a. Ivan Pavlov} \\ \hline \text{II. Instrumental Conditioning} & \text{b. E. L. Thorndike} \\ \hline \text{III. Insightful Learning} & \text{c. W. Kohler} \\ \hline \text{IV. Trial \& Error Learning} & \text{d. B. F. Skinner} \\ \hline \end{array} \]
\[ \begin{array}{|l|l|} \hline \textbf{Psychologist} & \textbf{Theory of Intelligence} \\ \hline \text{I. Charles Spearman} & \text{a. Level-I \& Level-II abilities} \\ \hline \text{II. Arthur Jensen} & \text{b. Triarchic theory of intelligence} \\ \hline \text{III. L. L. Thurstone} & \text{c. Structure of intelligence} \\ \hline \text{IV. Robert Sternberg} & \text{d. Two-factor theory of intelligence} \\ \hline \text{V. J. P. Guilford} & \text{e. Primary mental abilities} \\ \hline \end{array} \]
On a standard test, the population is known to have a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. Those receiving an experimental treatment have a mean of 540. The effect size is \(\_\_\_\_\_\_\) (rounded off to two decimal places).
The standard deviation for the following scores: 8, 6, 6, 9, 6, 5, 6, 2 is \(\_\_\_\_\_\_\) (rounded off to two decimal places).