List of top English Questions

Based on the given passage, answer the questions 1-5:
Three major verdicts given by the Supreme Court during the 1980s and the 1990s goaded the state to assume greater responsibility in the matter of providing access to education. These verdicts (Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs the Union of India, 1981; Mohini Jain vs Karnataka State, 1992; Unnikrishan vs Andhra Pradesh, 1993) seemed to offer eminent examples of the hermeneutic space available in the Constitution, revealing how important it was to read the Constitution imaginatively in order to crystalize the ideas that may not have been fully articulated. The Crowning exercise of this kind figured in the Mohini jata case in which the court extended the scope of article 21 by reading into the fundamental right to like a vision of life which includes the nursing force of education. This hermeneutic exercise was widely hailed as a major advanced in the evolution of Democratic polity . It was expected that the court's interpretation of article 21 would Trigger significant civil activism on behalf of The educationally deprived. This expectation was not full filled as such, but after several your spend drafting late to the enactment of an amendment in the constitution which rendered elementary education an explicitly stated fundamental right.
The new right granted to children leaves the state free to impart education by any means that it mean by law determined to be suitable for this purpose. During the recent years we have witness the official acceptance of several other alternative modes. Neither the court nor the Parliament have succeeded in making a Dent on the systemic tendency to first device a cheaper alternative for the poor and then to promise Populous measures to improve it. In the absence of the systematic reform onc cannot hope for clearer perception of stronger will to counter the ideology which permits childhood to be defined  differently for the labouring poor. The State's responsibility towards these precious, formative years of life has been suitably accommodated in the amended version of the same article 45 which Had served little use to achieve the purpose stated in it and which, therefore required the enhancement of article 21.
Based on the given passage answer the questions 26 – 30 :
The court has made dissection of animals optional for Biology students. I wonder if another court order can be sought to make observation of nature a requirement of science study. A student can get through school with shining success without developing the ability to notice details in natural phenomena. There are children whose entire knowledge of nature comes from books, the blackboard, and a few laboratory experiments. In the case of some we can add a computer monitor. I wish the science syllabi might include a reading of the King Solomon’s Ring, a delightful classic on animal behavior and Jungle and Backyard, a collection of essays by the late M. Krishnan. It is a pity our children get no taste of the pleasures that careful observation of a cat , a fish, or a tree in natural circumstances can bring.
Books which are not fortunate enough to gain the status of textbooks mean nothing in our system. Otherwise, a remarkable book on trees written by Chakraborty S. Venkatesh would have made an impact. The kind of leisure it demands, and the freedom to connect things in One's mind it assumes, have no place in our schools because they are fixated on textbook based examinations.
I recall meeting a large group of children outside the wolf’s compound in the Tokyo zoo. Several hours later. I noticed the children and their teacher still busy with the wolf. They had spent the day watching every part and behavior of the wolf, taking notes and comparing their observations with those given in the books they were carrying.
Our children, of course, never get this kind of opportunity or training. A visit to the zoo means everything, just as our syllabi provide a cursory, whirlwind coverage of every topic and fact. A group of children was rushing past the photo exhibition at the Sabarmati Ashram. Two boys manage to stop at a picture for a few minutes, noticing something unusual in it. As I watched in horror, one of the teachers came back looking for the boys and the first thing she did on finding them was to slap and scold them for staying behind. Anyone who has hung around School corridors would know that teachers give priority to maintaining group discipline over appreciating individual curiosity or effort.
Based on the given passage, answer the questions 31-35 :
We were nearly finished with listening to everybody's morning life when a myna came in, sat on the ceiling fan and started chattering loudly. Mala looked at her and said, "Sir, she too wants to talk about her morning routine!". This was a fine statement coming from Mala who was feeling a little inane since she had no special morning narrative to offer as a hosteller. Her remark cheered her up and everybody else too. It gave me an interesting idea which vaguely reflected the topic we had abandoned. I asked, how far do you think this myna has come from? No one took this question seriously, but it propelled me to go a step further, 'what else is present in our class that might have come from afar?' It was obvious that I was now referring to non-human participants but were they living or non-living? This question came from Rupal, one of the habitual late comers. 'Never mind', I said, 'say whatever you notice. She surprised everybody by saying that the electricity come from God knows where. Two students immediately intervened. 'you know it is coming from thermal power station'. "It might be coming from the national grid-it is all connected, you know." There was silence. Even the myna turned quiet. My job in such moments came down to prompting further, so I said, 'That's a great thought. Let us see if there are any other long-distance participants in our class.
My students started spotting things at a wild, inspired speed. Dust on the desks! The air! The sound of traffic! The dust seemed to have travelled the longest distance indeed-from Rajasthan as everybody thought. I was ready to conclude. "So, is that the longest commuter?" We were uncertain, but not quite ready to let the quest die. Jaya said "The sun has travelled lakhs of miles." I was stunned. So was everyone else. We had become aware of a phenomenon we had never thought about, how the sun came from so far away to make our class happen. The unpredicted outcomes of learning are far more important than the ones we can predict and plan for.
Read the following passage and answer the next five questions by choosing the correct option:
Mara, a 24-year-old university student, seeks help for anxiety. She describes feeling paralyzed when thinking about climate change and the future; Leon, 51 and a father of three, requests treatment for panic attacks. They started last year after he and his family evacuated their home again due to wildfires; Isabel, a 16-year-old climate activist, wants support due to ruminating about the climate crisis to the extent that she can't focus on schoolwork.
The opening vignettes demonstrate that the climate change crisis is taking a toll on people's mental health. Uncertainty, unpredictability, and uncontrollability are three fundamental characteristics of climate change. Recent reviews have shown that the negative impacts of climate change are complex, manifest cognitively, emotionally, and physically and affect behaviours, relationships, and overall well- being. One such manifestation is anxiety related to the ongoing anthropogenic climate change or ecological doom, referred to as eco-anxiety. 
The condition overlaps with other mental health disorders in the form of negative, and automatic reactions to a felt threat. However, most empirical studies on eco- anxiety to date surveyed the low-risk groups with smaller and unrepresentative samples. Rigorous research is needed to more completely understand it, clarify its distinct characteristics and contextual factors, and articulate its relationship with other mental health conditions. 
Experiences of eco-anxiety often include dystopian thoughts and apocalyptic perceptions about the future, negative and sometimes intense emotions such as fear, anger, guild, grief, and despair, as well as behavioural manifestations such as insomnia and panic attacks. Causes and triggers of eco-anxiety vary from direct exposure to traumatic extreme weather events like floods, hurricanes, and wildfires to maladaptation to long-term environmental changes like land loss, water scarcity, and pollution. It can also manifest in individuals without direct experience of climate change, simply from the awareness of the potential existential threat it presents. 
Health professionals are improving ways to communicate climate concerns. Their voices are imperative for climate change communication and transformation. However, the urgency and complexity of ecological and climate crisis demand an interdisciplinary approach. Other disciplines can help advance these efforts by providing opportunities for innovative thinking and practice, such as with a sociological perspective regarding structures and connections in society; a political scientific approach to tension, conflict, and social movement; and communication strategies for patient-provider interaction, social support, community outreach, and public engagement. 
Media coverage of ecological crisis can evoke eco-anxiety. Current messages about climate change are overwhelmingly negative, both linguistically and visually, contributing to a sense of doom and gloom. Hope is central to humanity's survival and flourishing. Yet some caution that hope alone is not a panacea.
Forty-one children were on Wednesday rescued from 12 toy factories in southwest Delhi's Azad Market. Police sealed the factories on Ram Bagh Road and booked their owners.
The rescue operation was jointly conducted by Bachpan Bachao Andolan (BBA), SDM (Kotwali) Daryaganj. the labour department, Bal Vikas Dhara and Delhi Police. All children are aged between 13 and 17 years and belong to states like Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. 
The rescue teams said the children were living in "horrible" conditions. According to a member. "their clothes were torn, and they were starved and overworked". 
A 13-year-old boy, originally form West Bengal, said he and the other children would start their day around 9am and work till 12 midnight—a gruelling 15 hours each day making toy parts at the factories. Afterwards, they used to sleep in a cramped space inside the factory. 
Terming it "a shame for the society", BBA director Manish Sharma said, "Even after decades for achieving independence, we haven't been able to free our kids from child labour. Children who should have been playing with toys are making toys and working as slaves. Such incidents should make us all ashamed and angry." In February this year, about 30 children working in various toy manufacturing units were rescued from Wazirpur Industrial Area in northwest Delhi. Following this, Delhi high court had directed that a committee be formed under the supervision of the Delhi chief secretary and district DCPs, in close coordination with the labour and women and child welfare departments and MCD, to inspect the premises of units that employed child labourers.
During my vist to Cuttack I participated in the birthday celebration of the late Justice Harihar Mahapatra, I went there at the invitation of justice Ranganath Mishra. For me, it was a revelation, how the independence movement, the first vision for the nation, had created the larger-than-life figure of Justice Harihar Mahapatra. He lived to the age of ninety-two and established Cuttack Eye Hospital, Utkal University and above all organized multi-pronged efforts to remove poverty. My biography in Oriya was released. At the end of my speech the youngsters crowding around put forth many questions.
The first question was, 'Sir, tells us which are your favourite books, that you loved and which have shaped your mind?'
I said, 'Four books in my life have been very close to my heart. I cherish treading them. The first is Man the Unknown by Dr Alexis Carrel, a doctor turned-philosopher and a Nobel laureate. This book highlights how the mind and body both have to be treated in an ailment as the two are integrated. You cannot treat one and ignore the other. In Particular, children who dream of becoming doctors should read the book. They will learn that the human body a mechanical system it is a very intelligant on with a most intricate and sensitive feedback system. The second book, one I venerate, is Tiruvalluvar's Thirukkural, which provides an excellent code of life. The third Light from Many Lamps by Lillian Eichler Watson which has touched me deeply. It illuminates how we live and has been an invaluable guide to me for fifty years. And the Holy Quran is, of course, a constant companion.'
Sutapa Chakraborty
Rudyard Kipling honoured motherhood with these words: "God could not be everywhere and, therefore, he made mothers." This is similar to what Sarada Devi, reffered to as Holy Mother by her disciples, would say quoting her husband, Ramakrishana Paramhansa: "He had the attitude of a mother towards all creations and he has left me behind to demonstrate this motherhood of God." That, she said, was her purpose in life.
A mother's role is multifaceted. She is also her child's first teacher. And Sarada Devi fully imbibed and imparted the philosophy of 'Vigyan Vedanta', demonstrating how all those teachings could be applied to make our own lives blessed.
In her own way, she taught "as many faiths, so many paths", Brahmn, according to her, was in all things and in all creatures. Though the realised souls have imparted different teachings, and they don't say the same thing, however, since there are many paths leading to the same goal, all of their teachings are true. She gave a unique analogy for this. Imagine a tree with birds of different colours and plumage sitting and singing a wide variety of notes in varying octaves. We do not say that any one particular bird's chirp is the chirp, and the rest are not. She would say that founders of all religions are realised souls and they have witnessed diffferent aspects of God on the basis of their own experience, and they are all correct as they have indeed known the truth. They are wrong in generalising it, though. Actually, they are only referring to different forms and aspects of one and the same infinite, divine reality.
Demonstrating harmony of religions in her day-to-day life and a mother's unconditional love for all, Sri Ma would say that the Muslim labourer called Amjad working for her was as much her son as was Sarat, Swami Saradananda, her personal attendant. When Sister Nivedita, Swami Vivekananda's disciple, came to visit her, Ma Sarada embraced and accepted her as her own daughter. She maintained that the infinite divine reality is nirgun formless, in one aspect, and also sagun, with form. Once, when asked by a monk, "Are you really the mother of all? Even the birds, insects and beasts?" She said, "Yes". At her home in Jayrambati, West Bengal, when a monk once hit a cat, the Holy Mother was deeply hurt and said, "Don't beat it. Feed it, so it will not steal food. I live in that cat."
Pray for desirelessness, was her advice. If one can entirely give up all wordly desires, they can get a vision of God right away, she believed. Her final and most profound teaching was that if you want peace of mind, do not find faults with others. Rather, learn to see your own faults. "Learn to accept the whole world as your own. No one is a stranger, my child," she would say.
Amid consistent rise in deaths of pedestrians and cyclists, Punjab has taken the lead among the states and UTs to implement the 'right to walk' by making it mandatory for all road owning agencies, including the NHAI, to provide foot path and cycle tracks in all future expansion of roads and construction of new ones, reports Dipak Dash.
The state government has issued these directions following two court orders after PILs were filed at Punjab and Haryana HC and another in the Supreme Court. As per a communication from Punjab chief secretary Vijay Kumar Janjua to Punjab government's traffic adviser, Navdeep Asija, "in future all expansions of existing roads and construction of new roads, a mandatory provision of cycle tracks and footpaths should be made by all road owning departments and agencies". 
The letter sent last week added that all agencies such as the public works department, local bodies, NHAI and urban development departments have been instructed to prepare an action plan to construct footpaths and cycle tracks with a time frame and budget provision. 
TIMES VIEW: The right to walk is a cool idea. Pedestrian walkways and cycle tracks must be built everywhere. However, we must also audit the existing tracks and examine their lacunae. For instance, such tracks are regularly invaded by motorbikes. That apart, pedestrian-only tracks often have huge gaps, which makes walking a dangerous exercise. In other words, the right to walk must be converted into a proper mission with every angle taken care of to make it a success.
It depends on who is giving the rating: Centre on India's rank in press freedom index
KRISHNADAS RAJAGOPAL, NEW DELHI
Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta, appearing for the government in the Supreme Court on Tuesday, made light of India's fall to 161st position in press freedom ranking, saying "that depends on who is giving the rating. I can have my own forum and give India the first rating".
The remake was in response to the Supreme Court's observation that India has fallen to the 161st position out of 180 countries in the World Press Freedom Index published by the non-profit organization, reporters Without Borders. In 2022, India was ranked at 150.
India is ranked behind countries such as Afghanistan, Pakistan and Somalia. "India is 161 in ranking in journalistic freedom," Justice K.M. Joseph, addressed the Union and Gujarat government, represented by Mr. Mehta during a hearing in the Billkis Bano case.
HEARING ON JULY 10
Change between Justice Joseph and Mr. Meht came while the Supreme Court ordered the publication of a notice giving the details of the case and the next date of court hearing, July 10, in two vernacular papers in Gujarat to alert those unserved among the 11 convicts who were released prematurely from their life imprisonment. They had been found guilty of the gang rape of Ms. Bano and the murder of her family members. Ms. Banop and other writ petitioners have separately challenged their remission. 
The hearing, at one point, saw the Supreme Court wonder whether some of the released convicts were making a "mockery" of or even "playing" with the court by either going incognito to hamper the serving of notice of the case on them or seeking time to file counter affidavits. Previous hearings have been a no go with lawyers for the men seeking adjournment on procedural grounds. 
The court decided to publish the notice in the newspapers so that the convicts would not take the plea of ignorance and the case could go ahead and be heard on merits.
The SC said, "Postings within the state cadre as well as joint cadre of a constituent state shall be made by the government of that state', that is, by the duly elected government. In our case, it shall be the government of NCTD. We, accordingly, hold that references to 'state government in relevant rules of All India Services or joint cadre services, of which NCTD is a part or which are in relation to NCTD, shall mean the government of NCTD."
CJI Chandrachud said this case dealt with the asymmetric federal model of governance in India involving the contest of power between a Union Territory and the Union government. The issue was who would have control over 'services in NCTD a government of the NCTD or the LG acting on behalf of the Union government a question which arose subsequent to a May 21, 2015, notification by the Union ministry of home affairs that gave the upper hand to the centre on 'services' in relation to the government of NCTD.
While ruling that Delhi government had legislative and executive power over services except on land, police and public order, the bench, importantly, said GNCTD being one of its kind (sui generis") Union Territory, parliament would have overriding legislative power over all subjects in list 2 (which are exclusive domains of state legislatures) and Last 3 (Concurrent List subjects on which both parliament and assemblies can legislate with primacy given to parliament enacted laws). This means, if the Delhi assembly enacts any law on any subject, parliament can pass a law "adding, amending and repealing" the legislation passed by the Delhi assembly.
Dwelling on federalism and responsibilities of an elected government, the CJI said, "In a democratic form of government, the real power of administration must reside in the elected arm of the state, subject to the confines of the constitution. A constitutionally entrenched and democratically elected government needs to have control over its administration. If a democratically elected government is not provided with the power to control the officers posted within its domain, then the principle underlying the triple chain of collective responsibility would become redundant." It explained the triple chains as civil service officers being accountable to ministers, ministers being accountable to parliament/legislature and parliament/legislature being accountable to the electorate.
"That is to say, if the government is not able to control and hold to account the officers posted in its service, then its responsibility towards the legislature as well as the public is diluted. The principle of collective responsibility extends to the responsibility of officers, who in turn report to the ministers." the SC said.
Taking into account the AAP government's allegation that bureaucrats were not listening to ministers in the elected government because of the centre's interference, the five- judge bench said, "If the officers stop reporting to the ministers or do not abide by their directions, the entire principle of collective responsibility is affected.
"A democratically elected government can perform only when there is an awareness on the the part of officers of the consequences which may ensue if they do not perform. If the officers feel that they are insulated from the control of the elected government which they are serving, then they become unaccountable or may not show commitment towards their performance."
Explaining the risks of an unaccountable bureaucracy in a democratic form of governance where accountability is well defined under the triple chain of command, the bench said, "An unaccountable and non-responsive civil service may pose a serious problem of governance in a democracy. It creates a possibility that the permanent executive, consisting of unelected civil service officers, who play a decisive role in implementation of government policy, may act in ways that disregard the will of the electorate."