Write down the difference between Troposphere and Thermosphere.
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Solution and Explanation
Troposphere: 1. The lowest layer of the atmosphere (0–12 km). 2. Contains most of the Earth’s weather phenomena. 3. Temperature decreases with altitude.
Thermosphere: 1. Extends from approximately 80 km to 500 km above the surface. 2. Contains ionized particles and reflects radio waves. 3. Temperature increases with altitude due to solar radiation.
Top Questions on Atmospheric Science
In the figures given below, L and H indicate low and high pressure centers, respectively; PGF, CoF and CeF indicate Pressure Gradient Force, Coriolis Force and Centrifugal Force, respectively; \( V \) is Velocity. [The arrows indicate only the directions but not the magnitudes of the forces and velocity.]
Which of the following is/are the correct representation(s) of the directions of various forces and velocity in the gradient wind balance in the northern hemisphere?
- GATE XE - 2025
- Atmospheric and Ocean Science
- Atmospheric Science
Which of the following is the correct form of the mass divergence form of the continuity equation for a compressible fluid? [In the given equations, \( \rho \) is the density and \( \nabla \) the three-dimensional velocity vector of the fluid.]
[(i)] $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \times (\rho \mathbf{v}) = 0$
[(ii)] $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf{v}) = 0$
[(iii)] $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \mathbf{v}}{\partial t} + \rho \cdot \nabla \mathbf{v} = 0$
[(iv)] $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla \rho = 0$- GATE XE - 2025
- Atmospheric and Ocean Science
- Atmospheric Science
- The solar constant for the Earth is 1368 W m\(^{-2}\). Consider the planet Jupiter whose mass is 320 times that of the Earth and distance from the Sun is 5.2 times that of the Earth. The solar constant for Jupiter is .......... W m\(^{-2}\). (Round off to the nearest integer.) [Assume the inverse square law for the solar radiation.]
- GATE XE - 2025
- Atmospheric and Ocean Science
- Atmospheric Science
- The sensible heat (SH) flux at the locations P and Q are SH\(_P\) and SH\(_Q\), respectively. The value of \( \frac{SH_P}{SH_Q} \) is .......... (in integer).
- GATE XE - 2025
- Atmospheric and Ocean Science
- Atmospheric Science
- One kg of dry air at 15°C is isothermally compressed to one tenth of its initial volume. The work done on the system is .......... kJ. (Round off to the nearest integer.) [Assume that the gas constant for dry air is \(287 \times 10^5 \, {J K}^{-1} \, {kg}^{-1}\).]
- GATE XE - 2025
- Atmospheric and Ocean Science
- Atmospheric Science
Questions Asked in CBSE X exam
Leaves of the sensitive plant move very quickly in response to ‘touch’. How is this stimulus of touch communicated and explain how the movement takes place?
- CBSE Class X - 2025
- Plant Biology
- Read the following text:
(1) Creativity is our most precious resource and the most inexhaustible one. As anyone who has ever spent any time with children knows, every single human being is born creative; every human being is innately endowed with the ability to combine data and perceptions, materials and ideas and devise new ways of thinking and doing. What fosters creativity? More than anything else: the presence of other creative people, contrary to that creativity is the province of great individual geniuses. In fact, creativity is a social process. Our biggest creative breakthrough comes when people learn from, compete with, and collaborate with other people.
(2) Cities are centres of creativity. With their diverse populations, dense social networks, and public spaces, people can meet spontaneously and spark or catalyse new ideas. With their infrastructure for finance, organization, and trade, they allow the idea to swiftly reach its destination.
(3) A study tracking the decline of unconventional thinking ability as children age states that while 98 percent of 3 to 5-year-olds exhibited creative thinking, this dwindled to 10 percent among 13 to 15-year-olds and a mere 2 percent among 25-year-olds. Thus, adulthood witnesses the erosion of innate creativity. There is a variance in creative vitality across cities. Although all cities harbour creative individuals by default, some are saturated with leaders, institutions, and people that inhibit creativity.
(4) Creativity (or the lack of it) follows the same general contours of the great socio-economic divide– our rising inequality– that plagues us. According to estimates, roughly one-third of people are able to do work which engages our creative faculties to some extent, whether as artists, musicians, writers, techies, innovators, entrepreneurs, doctors, lawyers, journalists, or educators. That leaves a group termed “the other 66 percent”, in which their creativity is subjugated, ignored, or wasted.
(5) Creativity itself is not in danger. It is flourishing all around us– in science and technology, arts and culture, in our rapidly revitalizing cities. But we still have a long way to go if we want to build a truly creative society that supports and rewards creativity for each one of us. (Created for academic usage / 410 words)- CBSE Class X - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
- (1) In today’s contemporary online shopping landscape, a perfect storm of choice engulfs consumers. Research consistently indicates that individuals presented with a limited selection tend to make more confident and efficient decisions compared to those confronted with overwhelming choices.
(2) Consequently, assisting consumers in navigating the vast expanse of options available online has evolved into a thriving industry on a global scale. Many brands and retailers now employ marketing strategies revolving around the aspects given in the table below:
(3) For a relatively new breed of consumer product startups, a different approach emerges entirely. Rather than attempting to navigate the existing sea of products, these companies claim to revolutionize conventional consumer choices. Some brands offer limited, functional,
mid-priced products, instilling customer confidence and breaking the cycle of consumerism.
(4) The global product abundance could be more equitable. Unfortunately, creators often prioritize wealthier consumers.
(5) For startups promising accessible simplicity, their very structure may eventually lead them back to an overwhelming array of choices: Most of these companies rely on hundreds of millions of dollars in venture capital funding, and their inventors typically expect rapid growth. (Adapted for academic usage)- CBSE Class X - 2025
- Reading Comprehension
Write the name of a hormone that plays a major role in (i) falling of leaves (ii) rapid cell division.
- CBSE Class X - 2025
- Plant Biology
Name the movement which causes ‘X’ and ‘Y’ to grow downwards and upwards respectively. (Refer above figure)
- CBSE Class X - 2025
- Plant Biology