List of top Atmospheric and Ocean Science Questions

In the figures given below, L and H indicate low and high pressure centers, respectively; PGF, CoF and CeF indicate Pressure Gradient Force, Coriolis Force and Centrifugal Force, respectively; \( V \) is Velocity. [The arrows indicate only the directions but not the magnitudes of the forces and velocity.]

Which of the following is/are the correct representation(s) of the directions of various forces and velocity in the gradient wind balance in the northern hemisphere?
 

Which of the following is the correct form of the mass divergence form of the continuity equation for a compressible fluid? [In the given equations, \( \rho \) is the density and \( \nabla \) the three-dimensional velocity vector of the fluid.] 
[(i)] $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \times (\rho \mathbf{v}) = 0$
[(ii)] $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf{v}) = 0$ 
[(iii)] $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \mathbf{v}}{\partial t} + \rho \cdot \nabla \mathbf{v} = 0$ 
[(iv)] $\displaystyle \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla \rho = 0$

The vertical (depth) profiles for three parameters P1, P2, and P3 in the northern Indian Ocean are given in the figure below. The values along the x-axis are the normalized values of the parameters and y-axis is the depth (m). 

Identify the parameters P1, P2, and P3 from the options given below.
 

The sea surface height concentric isolines (L1 and L2 in cm) and the distance between them (dx in km) for three different eddies at the same latitude are given in the figure below. (The figures are not to scale.) 

Which one of the following orders is correct about the magnitudes of the geostrophic currents within the isolines?