Question

Who among the following eminent criminologists are considered as the exponents of Positive School?
A. Raffaele Garofalo
B. Cesare Lombroso
C. Enrico Ferri
D. Richard Quinney
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. A, B and D only
• B. A, B and C only
• C. A, B, C and D
• D. B, C and D only

Hint:

Remember the "Italian Triumvirate" of Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo as the pioneers of the Positivist School. Their work, though now largely outdated, was revolutionary for introducing scientific methods to the study of crime.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is B

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
The Positive (or Positivist) School of Criminology, which emerged in the late 19th century, was a shift from the Classical School's focus on free will. Positivism argues that criminal behavior is determined by biological, psychological, and social factors, and it advocates for a scientific study of the criminal.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Let's identify the affiliations of the criminologists listed:

A. Raffaele Garofalo, B. Cesare Lombroso, and C. Enrico Ferri are together known as the "Holy Trinity" or the "Italian School" of criminology. They are the founding fathers of the Positive School.
Lombroso focused on biological determinism (the "born criminal").
Ferri emphasized the role of social and economic factors in addition to biological ones.
Garofalo contributed with his concept of "natural crimes" and sociological definitions.
D. Richard Quinney is a prominent American sociologist and a leading figure in the Radical or Critical School of Criminology of the 1960s and 70s. This school views crime as a product of capitalist class struggle and the state's power to define what is criminal.
Step 3: Final Answer:
Cesare Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, and Raffaele Garofalo are the main exponents of the Positive School. Richard Quinney belongs to a different, later school of thought. Therefore, A, B, and C are the correct choices.