Question

Which seeds cannot germinate and establish without the presence of mycorrhizae?

Hint:

Remember: mycorrhiza-dependent seeds include Cycas and orchids.
Check gymnosperm vs angiosperm seed requirements.
Link symbiosis type with seed germination.

Answer 1

1. Some gymnosperms require mycorrhizal association for seed germination.
2. Cycas seeds have large embryos and depend on fungal symbiosis for nutrients.
3. Gnetum, Ephedra, Pinus can germinate independently.
4. Correct answer is (3) Cycas.