Step 1: Understanding open thermodynamic systems. - An open system allows mass and energy transfer across its boundary. - Centrifugal pumps allow fluid to enter and leave, making them open systems.
Step 2: Selecting the correct option. Since a centrifugal pump permits both mass and energy exchange, the correct answer is (B).
A closed-loop system has the characteristic equation given by: $ s^3 + k s^2 + (k+2) s + 3 = 0 $.
For the system to be stable, the value of $ k $ is: