Question

Which of the following statements are correct?
Species that invade a bare area are called: Pioneer species.
In primary succession on rocks, the pioneers are usually lichens.
In primary succession in water, the pioneers are reed swamps. In secondary succession,
species that invade depend on soil, water, and environment.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. (A), (B), and (D) only
• B. (A), (B), and (C) only
• C. (A), (B), (C), and (D)
• D. (B), (C), and (D) only

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

The correct statements are (A), (B), and (D) only.

Additional Context:

• (A) Pioneer Species:
  • First colonizers of bare/disturbed areas
  • Examples: Lichens on rocks, algae in water
• (B) Primary Succession on Rocks:
  • Lichens secrete acids to break rock into soil
  • Form biological crusts enabling moss growth
• Why (C) is Incorrect:
  • Reed swamps appear later in aquatic succession
  • True pioneers are phytoplankton/zooplankton
• (D) Secondary Succession:
  • Occurs after disturbances (fires, floods)
  • Soil nutrients and seed bank influence species
• Succession Timeline:
  • Primary: Centuries to millennia
  • Secondary: Decades to centuries

Correct Answer: (1) (A), (B) and (D) only.