The structure of A0.95O is formed by A2+, A3+, and O2− ions. The stoichiometry implies the following:
95% of A-sites are occupied by A2+ ions.
5% of A-sites are substituted by A3+ ions.
Oxygen sites are fully occupied by O2− ions.
Analysis of the diagrams:
Diagram A: Represents the substitution correctly, with the lattice showing A2+ (green), A3+ (red), and O2− (black) ions distributed as per the stoichiometric requirements.
Diagram B: Does not align with the stoichiometric ratio, as it over-represents A3+ ions.
Diagram C: Shows irregularity in the placement of O2− ions, which does not match the stoichiometry.
Conclusion: The correct representation of the lattice is Diagram A.
Such a group of atoms is called a molecule. Obviously, there must be some force that holds these constituent atoms together in the molecules. The attractive force which holds various constituents (atoms, ions, etc.) together in different chemical species is called a chemical bond.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
There are 4 types of chemical bonds which are formed by atoms or molecules to yield compounds.
Ionic Bonds - Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding which involves a transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.
Covalent Bonds - Compounds that contain carbon commonly exhibit this type of chemical bonding.
Hydrogen Bonds - It is a type of polar covalent bonding between oxygen and hydrogen wherein the hydrogen develops a partial positive charge
Polar Bonds - In Polar Covalent chemical bonding, electrons are shared unequally since the more electronegative atom pulls the electron pair closer to itself and away from the less electronegative atom.
Factors Affecting Bond Enthalpy in Chemical Bonding:
