Which of the following circuits has the same output as that of the given circuit?






The given Boolean logic circuit is shown below, and the corresponding solution is derived step by step.
P = A · B
Q = A · B
Y = P + Q = A · B + A · B
Y = A · (B + B)
Since B + B = B (idempotent law), we have:
Y = A · B
Y = A
The final output of the Boolean expression is:
Y = A



The output (Y) of the given logic implementation is similar to the output of an/a …………. gate.
In the given figure, the blocks $A$, $B$ and $C$ weigh $4\,\text{kg}$, $6\,\text{kg}$ and $8\,\text{kg}$ respectively. The coefficient of sliding friction between any two surfaces is $0.5$. The force $\vec{F}$ required to slide the block $C$ with constant speed is ___ N.
(Given: $g = 10\,\text{m s}^{-2}$) 
Method used for separation of mixture of products (B and C) obtained in the following reaction is: 