Alexander von Humboldt, a renowned naturalist, is known for his work on the relationship between species distribution and geographical factors. He explained how the variety of species in an area is influenced by the environmental conditions and the territory's physical features, contributing to our understanding of biogeography.
List I (Interaction) | List II (Species A, Species B) |
---|---|
A. Amensalism | I. +, − |
B. Predation | II. −, − |
C. Commensalism | III. +, 0 |
D. Competition | IV. −, 0 |
LIST I | LIST II |
---|---|
A. Fragmentation | I. Degradation of detritus into simple inorganic substances by bacteria and fungi |
B. Humification | II. Release of nutrients from humus by microbial action |
C. Catabolism | III. Breakdown of detritus by earthworms into smaller particles |
D. Mineralisation | IV. Dark coloured substances, highly resistant to microbial action |
If the value of \( \cos \alpha \) is \( \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} \), then \( A + A = I \), where \[ A = \begin{bmatrix} \sin\alpha & -\cos\alpha \\ \cos\alpha & \sin\alpha \end{bmatrix}. \]