The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international research initiative aimed at mapping the entire human genome, and its inception can be traced back to the early 1990s. However, the project officially began in 1990 and was completed in 2003. The actual mapping and sequencing of the human genome started around 1996 as part of the international collaboration, and it was finalized in stages over the years. This makes 1996 the most accurate year when significant advancements and contributions to the project began, although the official commencement was earlier in 1990.