Question

What is Urbanisation? Explain its merits and demerits.

Hint:

Always answer urbanisation in two parts: (i) positive contributions, (ii) challenges. End with sustainable urban planning as the solution.

Answer 1

Step 1: Definition.
Urbanisation is the process by which rural areas transform into urban centers, leading to the growth of cities in terms of population, infrastructure, and economic activities. It is driven by industrialization, job opportunities, education, and modernization.

Step 2: Merits of urbanisation.
\begin{itemize} \item Economic growth: Cities provide industrial and service sector jobs, boosting GDP. \item Infrastructure and facilities: Access to schools, hospitals, transport, electricity, and technology. \item Social mobility: Greater opportunities for education and careers break caste and traditional barriers. \item Cultural exchange: Cities bring people from different regions together, fostering cosmopolitan culture. \item Innovation: Urban centers encourage research, entrepreneurship, and modern lifestyles. \end{itemize}

Step 3: Demerits of urbanisation.
\begin{itemize} \item Overcrowding and slums: High migration creates slums with poor sanitation and housing. \item Unemployment and poverty: Many migrants cannot find stable jobs, leading to informal labor markets. \item Environmental issues: Air and water pollution, waste management problems, and ecological imbalance. \item Crime and social disintegration: Inequality and poverty increase crime, weakening community bonds. \item Stress and lifestyle diseases: Urban lifestyles often cause mental stress and health issues. \end{itemize}

Step 4: Conclusion.
Urbanisation is inevitable in modern development. Its benefits are immense, but to avoid negative impacts, it must be accompanied by proper urban planning, sustainable development, and equitable distribution of resources.

Final Answer: \[ \boxed{\text{Urbanisation = growth of cities; merits = opportunities, facilities; demerits = slums, pollution, inequality.}} \]