Question

What is ecological succession? Name various seral stages from pioneer species to climax community with suitable example in hydrarch succession.

Hint:

Hydrarch succession starts in aquatic environments, progressing to terrestrial climax communities.

Answer 1

Step 1: Definition: Ecological succession is the gradual, predictable process of community change in an ecosystem over time, from pioneer species to a stable climax community, driven by environmental modification and species interactions. Step 2: Hydrarch Succession (e.g., Pond to Forest): 1. Phytoplankton stage: Pioneer species (e.g., algae) colonize open water, adding organic matter. 2. Submerged plant stage: Rooted submerged plants (e.g., Hydrilla) grow as sediment accumulates. 3. Floating plant stage: Free-floating plants (e.g., water lilies) appear as water shallows. 4. Reed swamp stage: Emergent plants (e.g., Typha, reeds) dominate in marshy conditions. 5. Marsh meadow stage: Grasses and sedges (e.g., Carex) form meadows as water recedes. 6. Woodland stage: Shrubs and small trees (e.g., Salix) colonize drier soil. 7. Climax forest: Stable community of large trees (e.g., oak, maple) forms.