Question

Describe mutualism.

Hint:

Think of mutualism as a "win-win" situation in nature. Both partners in the relationship get something positive out of the deal.

Answer 1

Mutualism is a type of symbiotic interaction between two different species where both species benefit from the relationship. It is often denoted as a (+/+) interaction. The association can be obligate, where neither species can survive without the other, or facultative, where they can survive independently but benefit from living together. Examples include:

Lichens: A composite organism arising from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a mutualistic relationship. The fungus provides shelter and absorbs water/nutrients, while the alga/cyanobacterium provides food through photosynthesis.
Mycorrhiza: A relationship between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant. The fungus colonizes the root system, increasing the plant's water and nutrient absorption capabilities, while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates.
Pollination: Insects, birds, or bats get nectar (food) from flowers while transferring pollen, which is essential for the plant's reproduction.