The passage below contains four questions. Based on the passage, choose the best answer for each question. The Industrial Revolution was the period of immense technological, social, and economic changes in the late 18th century; it was basically based on the shift from agrarian economies toward a more industrialized and urban society. In this phase, new manufacturing processes were developed, hence marking the emergence of factories and mass production of goods. Influential inventions—the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom—transformed industries and significantly increased productivity during this time period. One of the most pronounced effects of the Industrial Revolution was in the labor area. All along, people remained in villages and worked in agriculture, but then factories came, demanding lots of labor and seeing to mass migration into towns. This process of urbanization was accompanied by immense growth of the city but also gave rise to serious social problems. The process of industrialization corresponds to enormous growth in cities, entailing problems of overcrowding, bad living conditions, and exploitation of workers where large numbers were women and children often laboring for long hours under hazardous conditions. It changed the economic landscape of the time as well. Extension of trade and growth of markets enhanced the potentialities of production. It generated enormous wealth for entrepreneurs and industrialists, giving birth to a new class of bourgeoisies. This newfound wealth was not, however, so equally distributed. Where the industrialist or the factory owner was minting money, a number of workers were being paid peanuts to work in most appallingly dreadful conditions. It is this mismatched economic distribution that manned social tensions and laid the path for labor movements coupled with calls for reforms. The environment paid a huge price, such as air and water pollution due to coal becoming the pivot of energy, and forest clearing and depletion of natural resources. Notwithstanding these problems created for laissez-faire by the Industrial Revolution, it laid the foundation for modern industrial society and stimulated innovations that continued to shape the world in the ensuing centuries. In all, the Industrial Revolution was an age of high complexity and great development with serious difficulties. Its inheritance has been novelty and human toughness, pointing to both the potential for progress and the potential for sustainable and equitable development.

Question

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What does the passage imply about the relationship between industrialization and urbanization during the Industrial Revolution?

The Correct Option is C

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According to the passage, what were the social consequences of the economic disparity created by the Industrial Revolution?

The Correct Option is B

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How does the passage describe the environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution, and what is the implied long-term consequence?

The Correct Option is B

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What does the passage suggest about the legacy of the Industrial Revolution concerning social and economic structures?

The Correct Option is C

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