Passage:
The human eye is a complex organ that allows us to see and interpret the world around us. It consists of several parts including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina and optic nerve. The cornea is the clear outer layer of the eye that protects it and helps focus light. The iris is the coloured part of the eye that controls the amount of light that enters the eye through the pupil. The pupil is the black circle in the centre of the iris that dilates and constricts to adjust the amount of light entering the eye. The lens is a clear, curved structure that helps focus light onto the retina. The retina is the layer of cells at the back of the eye that receives light and sends signals to the brain. The optic nerve is a bundle of nerve fibres that carry signals from the retina to the brain.
What is human eye ?
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Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Identify the definition line.
The passage begins by stating that the human eye is a complex organ which enables us to see and interpret the world around us.
Step 2: Add key supporting detail.
It is made up of several parts (cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina and optic nerve) that work together to receive light and send visual signals to the brain.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Thus, the human eye is a complex sense organ that helps us see and understand our surroundings by receiving light and transmitting signals to the brain.
What is cornea ?
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Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Find description in passage.
The passage mentions that the cornea is the clear outer layer of the eye.
Step 2: Explanation.
It protects the eye and helps to focus light onto the retina. Thus, it acts as a protective and light-focusing layer.
Step 3: Conclusion.
The cornea is the transparent outer covering of the eye that safeguards it and assists in focusing incoming light.
What is iris ?
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Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Identify description.
The passage states that the iris is the coloured part of the eye.
Step 2: Explanation.
It controls the amount of light that enters the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil. When light is bright, the iris makes the pupil smaller; in dim light, it widens the pupil.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Hence, the iris is the coloured part of the eye that regulates how much light enters through the pupil.
What is lens ?
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Solution and Explanation
Step 1: Refer to the passage.
According to the passage, the lens is a clear and curved structure inside the eye.
Step 2: Explanation.
Its main function is to focus light rays onto the retina, which helps form clear images. The curvature allows precise focusing for near and distant objects.
Step 3: Conclusion.
Therefore, the lens is a transparent, curved structure that helps focus light on the retina to produce clear vision.
Top Questions on Reading Comprehension
During Bentham’s lifetime, revolutions occurred in the American colonies and in France, producing the Bill of Rights and the Declaration des Droits deHomme (Declaration of the Rights of Man), both of which were based on liberty, equality, and self-determination. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto in 1848. Revolutionary movements broke out that year in France, Italy, Austria, Poland, and elsewhere. In addition, the Indus trial Revolution transformed Great Britain and eventually the rest of Europe from an agrarian (farm-based) society into an industrial one, in which steam and coal increased manufacturing production dramatically, changing the nature of work, property ownership, and family. This period also included advances in chemistry, astronomy, navigation, human anatomy, and im munology, among other sciences.
Given this historical context, it is understandable that Bentham used reason and science to explain human behaviour. His ethical system was an attempt to quantify happiness and the good so they would meet the conditions of the scientific method. Ethics had to be empirical, quantifiable, verifiable, and reproducible across time and space. Just as science was beginning to understand the workings of cause and effect in the body, so ethics would explain the causal relationships of the mind. Bentham rejected religious authority and wrote a rebuttal to the Declaration of Independence in which he railed against natural rights as “rhetorical nonsense, nonsense upon stilts.” Instead, the fundamental unit of human action for him was utility—solid, certain, and factual.
What is utility? Bentham’s fundamental axiom, which underlies utilitarianism, was that all so cial morals and government legislation should aim for producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism, therefore, emphasizes the consequences or ultimate purpose of an act rather than the character of the actor, the actor’s motivation, or the particu lar circumstances surrounding the act. It has these characteristics: (1) universality, because it applies to all acts of human behaviour, even those that appear to be done from altruistic mo tives; (2) objectivity, meaning it operates beyond individual thought, desire, and perspective; (3) rationality, because it is not based in metaphysics or theology; and (4) quantifiability in its reliance on utility.- CLAT PG - 2026
- Legal Studies
- Reading Comprehension
“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights”.
This statement, in spite of literal inaccuracy in its every phrase, served the purpose for which it was written. It expressed an aspiration, and it was a fighting slogan. In order that slogans may serve their purpose, it is necessary that they shall arouse strong, emotional belief, but it is not at all necessary that they shall be literally accurate. A large part of each human being’s time on earth is spent in declaiming about his “rights,” asserting their existence, complaining of their violation, describing them as present or future, vested or contingent, absolute or conditional, perfect or inchoate, alienable or inalienable, legal or equitable, in rem or in personam, primary or secondary, moral or jural (legal), inherent or acquired, natural or artificial, human or divine. No doubt still other adjectives are available. Each one expresses some idea, but not always the same idea even when used twice by one and the same person.
They all need definition in the interest of understanding and peace. In his table of correlatives, Hohfeld set “right” over against “duty” as its necessary correlative. This had been done num berless times by other men. He also carefully distinguished it from the concepts expressed in his table by the terms “privilege,” “power,” and “immunity.” To the present writer, the value of his work seems beyond question and the practical convenience of his classification is convincing. However, the adoption of Hohfeld’s classification and the correlating of the terms “right” and “duty” do not complete the work of classification and definition.- CLAT PG - 2026
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- In the line "it is indeed a single instrument, but it contains an arsenal of tools…", what does the phrase “arsenal of tools” refer to?
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- My Last French Lesson! Why, I hardly knew how to write! I should never learn any more! I must stop there, then! Oh, how sorry I was for not learning my lessons, for seeking birds' eggs or going sliding on the Saar! My books, that had seemed such a nuisance a while ago, so heavy to carry, my grammar, and my history of the saints, were old friends now that I couldn't give up and M. Hamel, too; the idea that he was going away, that I should never see him again, made me forget all about his ruler and how cranky he was.
Poor man! It was in honour of this last lesson that he had put on his fine Sunday clothes, and now I understood why the old men of the village were sitting there in the back of the room. It was because they were sorry, too, that they had not gone to school more. It was their way of thanking our master for his forty years of faithful service and of showing their respect for the country that was theirs no more.
(The Last Lesson)- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
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- Read the following extracts and answer the questions
Those were the days of mainly indoor shooting, and only five percent of the film was shot outdoors. I suppose the sets and studio lights needed the girls and boys to be made to look ugly in order to look presentable in the movie. A strict hierarchy was maintained in the make-up department. The chief make-up man made the chief actors and actresses ugly, his senior assistant the 'second' hero and heroine, the junior assistant the main comedian and so forth. The players who played the crowd were the responsibility of the office boy. (Even the make-up department of the Gemini Studio had an 'office boy')
On the days when there was crowd-shooting, you could see him mixing his paint in a giant vessel and slapping it on the crowd players. The idea was to close every pore on the surface of the face in the process of applying make-up.- CBSE CLASS XII - 2025
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- Comparative Literature and Translations Studies