Comprehension
Read the given passage and answer the question that follows:
Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by Aristotle on the basis of simple morphological characters. Linnaeus later classified all living organisms into two kingdoms- Plantae and Animalia. Whittaker proposed an claborate five kingdom classification- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria of the five kingdom classification were cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction. and phylogenetic relationships.
In the five kingdom classification. bacteria are included in Kingdom Monera. Bacteria are cosmopolitan in distribution. These organisms show the most extensive metabolic diversity. Bacteria may be autotrophic or heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition. Kingdom Protista includes all single-celled eukaryotes such as Chrysophytes. Dinoflagellates. Euglenoids. Slime-moulds and Protozoans. Protists have defined nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They reproduce both asexually and sexually. Members of Kingdom Fungi show a great diversity in structures and habitat. Most Fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition. They show asexual and sexual reproduction. Phycomycetes. Ascomycetes. Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes are the four classes under this kingdom. The plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms. Algae. bryophytes. pteridophytes. gymnosperms and angiosperms are included in this group. The life cycle of plants exhibit alternation of generations- gametophytic and sporophytic generations. The heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the kingdom Animalia. The mode of nutrition of these organisms is holozoic. They reproduce mostly by the sexual mode. Some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are not included in the five kingdom system of classification.
Biological classification of plants and animals was first proposed by Aristotle on the basis of simple morphological characters. Linnaeus later classified all living organisms into two kingdoms- Plantae and Animalia. Whittaker proposed an claborate five kingdom classification- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The main criteria of the five kingdom classification were cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition and reproduction. and phylogenetic relationships.
In the five kingdom classification. bacteria are included in Kingdom Monera. Bacteria are cosmopolitan in distribution. These organisms show the most extensive metabolic diversity. Bacteria may be autotrophic or heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition. Kingdom Protista includes all single-celled eukaryotes such as Chrysophytes. Dinoflagellates. Euglenoids. Slime-moulds and Protozoans. Protists have defined nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They reproduce both asexually and sexually. Members of Kingdom Fungi show a great diversity in structures and habitat. Most Fungi are saprophytic in their mode of nutrition. They show asexual and sexual reproduction. Phycomycetes. Ascomycetes. Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes are the four classes under this kingdom. The plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms. Algae. bryophytes. pteridophytes. gymnosperms and angiosperms are included in this group. The life cycle of plants exhibit alternation of generations- gametophytic and sporophytic generations. The heterotrophic eukaryotic, multicellular organisms lacking a cell wall are included in the kingdom Animalia. The mode of nutrition of these organisms is holozoic. They reproduce mostly by the sexual mode. Some acellular organisms like viruses and viroids as well as the lichens are not included in the five kingdom system of classification.
Question: 1
‘Bacteria are cosmopolitan in distribution’. The meaning of this statement is:
‘Bacteria are cosmopolitan in distribution’. The meaning of this statement is:
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The term "cosmopolitan" means something that is found all over the world, and when referring to organisms, it emphasizes their ability to adapt to diverse environments.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Bacteria exist in metro or large cities.
- Bacteria show most extensive metabolic diversity.
- Bacteria exist in a wide range of places across all countries.
- Kingdom Monera is a vast Kingdom.
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
The phrase "cosmopolitan in distribution" refers to organisms that are widely distributed, present in nearly all parts of the world. Bacteria, being extremely versatile and adaptable, are found in diverse environments, including extreme conditions like deep-sea vents, hot springs, or even in the Arctic ice. The statement highlights that bacteria are not limited to one specific environment or region, but they can thrive in almost any part of the planet. Hence, the meaning of "cosmopolitan in distribution" is that bacteria are found in a wide range of places across the globe, which corresponds to option (C).
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Question: 2
The five kingdom classification of organisms was based on:
The five kingdom classification of organisms was based on:
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The five kingdom system divides life into prokaryotes and eukaryotes and further categorizes organisms based on their nutritional modes, body organization, and evolutionary history.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic relationships.
- Cell structure and mode of nutrition and phylogenetic relationships.
- Cell structure and body organisation.
- Mode of nutrition and reproduction.
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The Correct Option is B
Solution and Explanation
The five kingdom classification system, first proposed by Whittaker, divides organisms into five broad groups based on fundamental differences in their cell structure, nutritional modes, and evolutionary relationships. The classification includes:
1. Monera – unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells (no defined nucleus), such as bacteria.
2. Protista – single-celled eukaryotes, such as protozoa and algae.
3. Fungi – multicellular, non-photosynthetic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients through absorption.
4. Plantae – multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that produce their own food.
5. Animalia – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic (consume other organisms).
This classification is based on cell structure (whether organisms are prokaryotic or eukaryotic), their mode of nutrition (whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic), and their phylogenetic relationships (evolutionary lineage). Therefore, option (B) is correct.
1. Monera – unicellular organisms with prokaryotic cells (no defined nucleus), such as bacteria.
2. Protista – single-celled eukaryotes, such as protozoa and algae.
3. Fungi – multicellular, non-photosynthetic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients through absorption.
4. Plantae – multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes that produce their own food.
5. Animalia – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophic (consume other organisms).
This classification is based on cell structure (whether organisms are prokaryotic or eukaryotic), their mode of nutrition (whether they are autotrophic or heterotrophic), and their phylogenetic relationships (evolutionary lineage). Therefore, option (B) is correct.
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Question: 3
The organisms showing 'holozoic' mode of nutrition belong to the kingdom:
The organisms showing 'holozoic' mode of nutrition belong to the kingdom:
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Holozoic nutrition involves ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food by animals. This is distinct from modes like autotrophic or saprophytic nutrition.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Monera
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Holozoic nutrition refers to the process by which organisms ingest solid food, digest it, and absorb the nutrients. This is the mode of nutrition seen in animals. In contrast to autotrophic organisms (like plants) that produce their own food, or saprophytic organisms (like fungi) that absorb nutrients from dead organic matter, animals ingest food and process it internally through specialized digestive systems. This process is characteristic of the kingdom Animalia.
Thus, the correct answer is (D).
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Question: 4
Choose the correct statement:
Choose the correct statement:
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Plants are unique in their ability to photosynthesize using chlorophyll, making them critical producers in ecosystems.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Kingdom Protista includes all the multi-celled eukaryotes.
- Fungi show autotrophic mode of nutrition.
- Members of Kingdom Animalia are heterotrophic as well as saprophytic.
- Plantae include eukaryotic chlorophyll containing organisms.
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
- Kingdom Protista includes single-celled eukaryotes, not multi-celled organisms, so option (A) is incorrect.
- Fungi are heterotrophic and saprophytic, not autotrophic, so option (B) is incorrect.
- Kingdom Animalia members are primarily heterotrophic (consume other organisms), and although some are saprophytic, they are not all classified as such, so option (C) is incorrect.
- The kingdom Plantae includes organisms that are eukaryotic and contain chlorophyll, which allows them to perform photosynthesis, making option (D) correct.
- Fungi are heterotrophic and saprophytic, not autotrophic, so option (B) is incorrect.
- Kingdom Animalia members are primarily heterotrophic (consume other organisms), and although some are saprophytic, they are not all classified as such, so option (C) is incorrect.
- The kingdom Plantae includes organisms that are eukaryotic and contain chlorophyll, which allows them to perform photosynthesis, making option (D) correct.
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Question: 5
A chlorophyll containing organism is:
A chlorophyll containing organism is:
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Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that contain chlorophyll and are a major part of aquatic ecosystems.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Bacteria
- Slime-mould
- Algae
- Virus
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The Correct Option is C
Solution and Explanation
Chlorophyll is a pigment essential for photosynthesis, which is present in organisms that can produce their own food using sunlight. Among the given options, algae are the organisms that contain chlorophyll and are capable of photosynthesis. While bacteria can sometimes contain chlorophyll, they are often not recognized for their photosynthetic capability in the same way as algae. Slime-moulds do not have chlorophyll and are not photosynthetic. Viruses are not capable of photosynthesis and do not contain chlorophyll.
Thus, the correct answer is (C).
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Question: 6
Bacteria show the most extensive metabolic diversity:
Bacteria show the most extensive metabolic diversity:
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Bacteria are highly adaptable organisms with diverse metabolic pathways, enabling them to survive in various environments.
Updated On: Feb 15, 2025
- Because they are cosmopolitan in distribution.
- Because they are single-celled organisms.
- Because they belong to the Kingdom Monera.
- Because they may be autotrophic or heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition.
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The Correct Option is D
Solution and Explanation
Bacteria are known for their remarkable metabolic diversity because they can obtain energy from a variety of sources. They can be autotrophic, using sunlight or inorganic compounds like sulfur or nitrogen to produce their own food, or heterotrophic, obtaining energy by consuming organic materials. This versatility allows bacteria to thrive in many different environments, making them one of the most metabolically diverse groups of organisms.
Thus, the correct answer is (D).
Thus, the correct answer is (D).
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