Question

Planning is

• A. Goal-oriented
• B. Objective-oriented
• C. Mental process
• D. All of these

Hint:

Remember the key features of planning: it is the primary function of management, it's pervasive (done at all levels), continuous, futuristic, involves decision-making, and is a mental process focused on achieving objectives.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is D

Step 1: Understanding the Question:
The question asks for the fundamental characteristics of planning as a management function.
Step 2: Analysis of the Nature of Planning:
Let's examine the attributes listed in the options.

(A) Goal-oriented & (B) Objective-oriented: Planning is fundamentally about setting goals and objectives and then devising a course of action to achieve them. Without a goal or objective, planning is a pointless exercise. Therefore, it is both goal-oriented and objective-oriented.

(C) Mental process: Planning is an intellectual or cognitive activity. It requires foresight, imagination, creativity, and sound judgment to analyze the environment, evaluate alternatives, and select the best course of action. It is an exercise of the mind before any physical action is taken.

Step 3: Final Answer:
All the given options describe essential features of the planning process. Planning is directed towards achieving goals/objectives, and it is inherently a mental exercise. Therefore, the most comprehensive answer is (D) All of these.