Question

Pahari miniature reflects the freedom the artists were given to show diversity of artistic expression within miniature style. Choose one of the paintings given below and answer:
(i) Write the name of the artist and the sub-school of painting.
(ii) Explain any two characteristics of the sub-school.
(a) Krishna with Gopis
OR
(b) Nand, Yashoda and Krishna with kinsmen going to Vrindavan

Hint:

For Pahari miniature questions, remember: Artist → Sub-school → 2 stylistic features → Theme/devotional context.

Answer 1

Option Chosen: Krishna with Gopis (i) Name of Artist and Sub-school: Artist: {Manaku} (associated with early Pahari tradition) Sub-school: Guler sub-school (which later influenced Kangra style) (ii) Two Characteristics of the Sub-school: 1. Emotional and Lyrical Expression: The Guler sub-school is known for its delicate and poetic representation of emotions. In paintings like {Krishna with Gopis}, the artist focuses on:

• Graceful gestures and soft facial expressions
• Romantic and devotional mood (Bhakti and Shringara rasa)
• Intimate interaction between divine and human figures

This reflects the influence of Vaishnavism and devotional poetry. 2. Naturalistic and Soft Colour Palette: The Guler style moved away from bold and rigid compositions of earlier schools and introduced:

• Soft, harmonious colors
• Gentle landscapes with rolling hills and trees
• Refined shading and delicate brushwork

Nature is treated as a lyrical background rather than a decorative element, enhancing the overall serenity of the painting. Additional Features of the Guler School (for enrichment):

• Influence of Mughal naturalism in anatomy and detailing
• Graceful female figures with slender forms
• Balanced composition with rhythmic movement
• Transition phase leading to the fully developed Kangra style

Explanation of the Painting Theme: The painting {Krishna with Gopis} represents Krishna surrounded by devotees (Gopis), symbolizing:

• Divine love and devotion
• Spiritual union between the soul and the divine
• Celebration of Krishna’s playful and compassionate nature

The circular composition often used in such paintings enhances unity and harmony. Conclusion: The Guler sub-school of Pahari miniature painting is marked by emotional sensitivity, refined aesthetics, and naturalistic elegance. Paintings like {Krishna with Gopis} beautifully illustrate the freedom and expressive richness of the Pahari tradition.