Question

When NaOH reacts with R-X, what is the major product?

• A. Alcohol
• B. Ether
• C. Ester
• D. Acid
• A. Alcohol
• B. Ether
• C. Isonitrile
• D. Nitrile
• A. Alcohol
• B. Ether
• C. Isonitrile
• D. Nitrile
• A. Alcohol
• B. Nitroalkane
• C. Isonitrile
• D. Alkyl nitrite
• A. Nitroalkane
• B. Isonitrile
• C. Alkyl nitrite
• D. Primary amine

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

When NaOH reacts with R-X (a haloalkane), the major product is an alcohol. This reaction is a type of nucleophilic substitution reaction.

Nucleophiles, like \(\text{OH}^-\) from NaOH, attack electron-deficient parts of molecules. In this reaction, the haloalkane (R-X) is the substrate, where 'R' is an alkyl group, and 'X' is a halogen. The halogen is more electronegative than carbon, creating a partial positive charge on the carbon and making it susceptible to nucleophilic attack.

The \(\text{OH}^-\) ion replaces the halogen atom due to its ability to act as a nucleophile, leading to the formation of an alcohol (\(R-\text{OH}\)) and the release of the halide ion as a by-product.

Nu^-+C-X→C-Nu+X^−

In this context:

• \(Nu^- = \text{OH}^-\) (Nucleophile from NaOH)
• \(C-X = \text{RX}\) (Haloalkane)
• \(C-Nu = R-\text{OH}\) (Alcohol)
• \(X^- = \text{Halide ion}\) (Leaving Group)

The mechanism ensures that the nucleophile (hydroxide ion) substitutes the leaving group (halogen) resulting in the formation of the alcohol, making it the major product of the reaction.

Answer 2

When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the hydroxide ion (OH^-) acts as a nucleophile and replaces the halogen (X) atom in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This leads to the formation of an alcohol (R-OH) and a halide ion (X^-). The reaction can be represented as follows:

R-X + NaOH → R-OH + NaX

In this reaction, the halogen (X) is displaced by the hydroxide ion (OH^-) through a substitution process, forming an alcohol (R-OH) and a sodium halide (NaX) as the products. The type of substitution that occurs depends on the structure of the haloalkane and the conditions of the reaction. In general, primary haloalkanes undergo S_N2 (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution), while secondary and tertiary haloalkanes are more likely to undergo S_N1 (unimolecular nucleophilic substitution).

Thus, the major product of this reaction is an alcohol (R-OH). This type of reaction is important in organic synthesis, particularly in the preparation of alcohols from haloalkanes.

Answer 3

A reaction involving KCN and an alkyl halide (R-X) results in a nucleophilic substitution reaction where the nucleophile (CN⁻) from KCN attacks the electron-deficient carbon in R-X. This carbon is bonded to a halogen, which is an electron-withdrawing group. In such reactions, the nucleophile replaces the halogen, yielding the desired product.

\(R-X+KCN→R-CN+KX\)

In this reaction:

• R-X is the alkyl halide where X is the halogen (the leaving group).
• KCN provides CN⁻ ion, which is the nucleophile.
• When CN⁻ attacks the carbon atom, it displaces the halogen X, forming R-CN.

As a result, the major product formed is a nitrile (R-CN).

Answer 4

When potassium cyanide (KCN) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the cyanide ion (CN^-) acts as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The cyanide ion (CN^-) replaces the halogen atom (X) in the haloalkane, resulting in the formation of a nitrile (R-CN) and a halide ion (X^-). The reaction can be represented as follows:

R-X + KCN → R-CN + KX

This nucleophilic substitution involves the displacement of the halogen atom (X) by the cyanide ion (CN^-), forming a nitrile group (C≡N) in the product. The type of substitution mechanism that occurs generally depends on the structure of the haloalkane and reaction conditions. Primary haloalkanes typically undergo S_N2 (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution), while secondary or tertiary haloalkanes may proceed via the S_N1 mechanism, depending on factors such as the stability of the carbocation intermediate.

Thus, the major product of this reaction is a nitrile (R-CN). Nitriles are important intermediates in organic synthesis and can be further converted into other functional groups, such as carboxylic acids or amides.

Answer 5

In the reaction between AgCN and R-X, the key aspect is the behavior of AgCN as a nucleophile. AgCN is a unique compound as it has the potential to act through either the carbon or nitrogen atom. However, due to its unique structure, and the fact that silver (Ag) has a higher affinity for the nitrogen of the CN group, the major pathway in this reaction involves the carbon atom acting as the nucleophile.

Let's explore why:

• In AgCN, the nitrogen atom is more closely associated with the silver ion (Ag+), leaving the carbon with higher electron density and thereby more nucleophilic.
• When R-X (a haloalkane) reacts with AgCN, the carbon atom of the CN group attacks the electron-deficient carbon atom in R-X, leading to the displacement of the halogen (X).

This reaction is a classic example of a nucleophilic substitution, but because the carbon atom of CN is the nucleophile, the product formed is a structure where R is bonded to the isocyanide (CN) group, known as an isonitrile.

Considering the above reaction mechanism, the major product when AgCN reacts with R-X is isonitrile.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions primarily occur when the nucleophile attacks the carbon with a partial positive charge:

\(R-X + AgCN → R-NC + AgX\)

Here, R-NC is an isonitrile. Thus, the correct answer is isonitrile.

Answer 6

When silver cyanide (AgCN) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the cyanide ion (CN^-) acts as a nucleophile and replaces the halogen atom (X) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This leads to the formation of an isonitrile (R-NC) and silver halide (AgX) as a byproduct. The reaction can be represented as follows:

R-X + AgCN → R-NC + AgX

In this reaction, the cyanide ion (CN^-) attacks the carbon atom attached to the halogen atom in the haloalkane. The halogen atom is displaced, and the result is the formation of an isonitrile (R-NC) along with the release of silver halide (AgX). This reaction follows the S_N2 mechanism, where the nucleophile (CN^-) directly attacks the carbon atom opposite the leaving group (X), resulting in an inversion of configuration at the carbon center.

Thus, the major product of this reaction is an isonitrile (R-NC). Isonitriles are important intermediates in organic synthesis and can be used in further reactions to create a variety of nitrogen-containing compounds.

Answer 7

In this reaction, KNO₂ acts as the source of the nucleophile NO₂^-, and R-X represents a haloalkane where 'R' denotes an alkyl group and 'X' a halogen. Haloalkanes are characterized by having a partial positive charge on the carbon atom bonded to the halogen, making this carbon atom susceptible to attack by nucleophiles. The mechanism involves a nucleophilic substitution reaction, in which one nucleophile displaces another.

Nucleophilic substitution reactions typically follow the general reaction:

\(Nu^− +C-X →C-Nu+X^−\)

In this case:

• The nucleophile is NO₂^-.
• The leaving group is the halogen ion X^-.
• The substrate is the haloalkane R-X.

The NO₂^- ion acts as the nucleophile and attacks the carbon atom bonded with the halogen X. This results in displacement of the halogen ion and formation of the alkyl nitrite as the major product.

Reactants	Product
R-X + KNO2	R-O-N=O

Thus, when KNO₂ is reacted with R-X, the major product formed is alkyl nitrite, R-O-N=O. This synthesis follows a typical nucleophilic substitution mechanism where the nitrite ion acts as the nucleophile, leading to the formation of an alkyl nitrite.

Answer 8

When potassium nitrite (KNO₂) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the nitrite ion (\(NO_2^-\)) acts as a nucleophile and replaces the halogen atom (X) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This leads to the formation of an alkyl nitrite (R-ONO) and a halide ion (X^-). The reaction can be represented as follows:

R-X + KNO₂ → R-ONO + KX

In this reaction, the nitrite ion (NO₂^-) acts as a nucleophile and displaces the halogen atom (X) from the haloalkane through a nucleophilic substitution mechanism, forming an alkyl nitrite (R-ONO) and a halide ion (X^-) as a byproduct. This type of substitution typically follows the S_N2 mechanism, where the nucleophile attacks the carbon atom from the opposite side of the leaving group.

Thus, the major product of this reaction is an alkyl nitrite (R-ONO). Alkyl nitrites are important compounds used in various chemical processes and can be further reacted to form other useful organic molecules.

Answer 9

Nucleophilic substitution reactions are key in organic chemistry where a nucleophile, an electron-rich species, attacks an electron-deficient carbon in haloalkanes (R-X or C-X). In this process, the halogen acts as the leaving group and is replaced by the nucleophile.

The specific reaction between ammonia (NH₃) and a haloalkane (R-X) is an example of this type of reaction. Ammonia acts as the nucleophile, attacking the electron-deficient carbon. The mechanism can be represented as a nucleophile (NH₃) replacing the leaving group (X) in the substrate (R-X).

The general mechanism of the reaction is:

\(NH_3 + R-X \rightarrow R-NH_3^+ + X^-\)

The initial product is an alkylammonium ion (R-NH₃⁺), which, upon deprotonation, yields a primary amine (R-NH₂).

\(R-NH_3^+ + OH^- \rightarrow R-NH_2 + H_2O\)

Therefore, the major product of the reaction between NH₃ and R-X is a primary amine. This is because the nucleophilic substitution reaction efficiently replaces the halide ion with the amine group, resulting in the formation of a primary amine.

Reactant	Major Product
NH3 + R-X	Primary Amine (R-NH2)

Answer 10

When ammonia (NH₃) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the nitrogen atom in ammonia acts as a nucleophile and replaces the halogen atom (X) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. This results in the formation of a primary amine (R-NH₂) and a hydrogen halide (HX). The reaction can be represented as follows:

R-X + NH₃ → R-NH₂ + HX

In this reaction, the nucleophilic attack is carried out by the ammonia molecule, where the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom in ammonia displaces the halogen atom (X). This leads to the formation of a primary amine (R-NH₂) and a hydrogen halide (HX) as a byproduct.

Thus, the major product of this reaction is a primary amine (R-NH₂). Primary amines are important functional groups in organic synthesis and can be further modified in various reactions to produce other nitrogen-containing compounds.