Nucleophiles attack at that part of the substrate molecule which is electron deficient. The reaction in which a nucleophile replaces an already existing nucleophile in a molecule is called a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Haloalkanes are substrates in these reactions. In this type of reaction, a nucleophile reacts with a haloalkane (the substrate) having a partial positive charge on the carbon atom bonded to halogen. A substitution reaction takes place, and the halogen atom, called the leaving group, departs as a halide ion. Since the substitution reaction is initiated by a nucleophile, it is called a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
\(Nu^− +C-X →C-Nu+X^−\)
Question: 1
When NaOH reacts with R-X, what is the major product?
When sodium hydroxide (NaOH) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the hydroxide ion (OH) acts as a nucleophile and replaces the halogen (X) atom. This reaction leads to the formation of an alcohol (R-OH) and a halide ion (X). The reaction can be represented as follows: R-X+NaOH →R-OH+NaX Thus, the major product of the reaction is an alcohol .
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Question: 2
When KCN reacts with R-X, what is the major product?
When potassium cyanide (KCN) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the cyanide ion (CN−) acts as a nucleophile. It replaces the halogen atom (X) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The reaction can be represented as follows: R-X+KCN→R-CN+KX Thus, the major product of the reaction is a nitrile (R-CN).
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Question: 3
When AgCN reacts with R-X, what is the major product?
When silver cyanide (AgCN) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the cyanide ion (CN−) acts as a nucleophile. It replaces the halogen atom (X) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The reaction can be represented as follows: R-X+AgCN →R-NC+AgX In this reaction, the major product is an isonitrile (R-NC).
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Question: 4
When KNO$_2$ reacts with R-X, what is the major product?
When potassium nitrite (KNO2) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the nitrite ion (\(NO^-_2\)) acts as a nucleophile. It replaces the halogen atom (X) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, leading to the formation of an alkyl nitrite (R-ONO). The reaction can be represented as follows: R-X+KNO2 →R-ONO+KX In this reaction, the major product is alkyl nitrite .
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Question: 5
When NH3 reacts with R-X, what is the major product?
When ammonia (NH3) reacts with a haloalkane (R-X), the nitrogen atom in ammonia acts as a nucleophile. It replaces the halogen atom (X) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, leading to the formation of a primary amine (R-NH2). The reaction can be represented as follows: R-X+NH3 →R-NH2+HX In this reaction, the major product is primary amine
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