- Oxidation State of Ni: \[ x + 4(-1) = -2 \Rightarrow x = +2 \] Thus, Ni is in the \( +2 \) oxidation state.
- Electronic Configuration of \( Ni^{2+} \): \[ [Ar] 3d^8 4s^0 \]
- Nature of Ligand:
- Chloride \( Cl^- \) is a weak field ligand, so it does not cause strong pairing.
- The tetrahedral geometry is favored.
- Unpaired Electrons & Hybridization:
- Hybridization: \( sp^3 \)
- Unpaired electrons: 2
- Geometry: Tetrahedral
Werner’s coordination theory in 1893 was the first attempt to explain the bonding in coordination complexes. It must be remembered that this theory was put forward before the electron had been discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897, and before the electronic theory of valency. Werner did not have any of the modern instrumental techniques and all his studies were made using simple experimental techniques. Werner was able to explain the nature of bonding in complexes and he concluded that in complexes, the metal shows two different sorts of valency: primary and secondary. Primary valences are normally ionisable whereas secondary valences are non-ionisable.
Derive an expression for maximum speed of a vehicle moving along a horizontal circular track.
If the mean and variance of a binomial distribution are \( 18 \) and \( 12 \) respectively, then the value of \( n \) is __________.