Question

Monoclonal antibodies can be employed for
(A). Early detection of cancers
(B). Clear detection of pathogens
(C). Classification of blood group
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

• A. (A), (B) and (C).
• B. (A) and (B) only.
• C. (A) only.
• D. (B) only.

Hint:

The key feature of monoclonal antibodies is their high specificity for a single target (epitope). This makes them ideal for any application that requires distinguishing one molecule from another, which is the basis for most modern diagnostic tests.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Step 1: Understanding the Concept:
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced molecules that are engineered to serve as substitute antibodies. They are monospecific, meaning they bind to the same epitope (the specific part of an antigen recognized by an antibody). Their high specificity makes them extremely valuable tools in diagnostics, research, and therapy.
Step 2: Detailed Explanation:
Let's examine each of the proposed applications:
(A) Early detection of cancers: This is a major application. Monoclonal antibodies can be designed to specifically target tumor-associated antigens (proteins that are overexpressed on the surface of cancer cells). These mAbs can be labeled with radioisotopes for imaging techniques (like PET scans) or used in laboratory assays (like ELISA) to detect cancer biomarkers in blood samples, aiding in early diagnosis. This statement is correct.
(B) Clear detection of pathogens: This is also a very common application. The high specificity of mAbs allows for the accurate detection of specific antigens from viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens. This is the principle behind many rapid diagnostic tests, such as those for influenza, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, and even home pregnancy tests (which detect the hormone hCG, acting as an antigen). This statement is correct.
(C) Classification of blood group: Standard blood typing (ABO and Rh systems) is performed using antibodies that specifically recognize the A, B, and RhD antigens on the surface of red blood cells. Modern blood typing reagents use highly specific and reliable monoclonal antibodies (e.g., anti-A, anti-B, anti-D) to cause agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells, which allows for the classification of the blood group. This statement is correct.
Step 3: Final Answer:
All three listed applications—early cancer detection, pathogen detection, and blood group classification—are well-established and important uses of monoclonal antibodies. Therefore, all three statements (A), (B), and (C) are correct.