Question

\([NiCl_4]^{2-}\)

Answer 1

- Oxidation State of Ni: \[ x + 4(-1) = -2 \Rightarrow x = +2 \] Thus, Ni is in the \( +2 \) oxidation state. 
- Electronic Configuration of \( Ni^{2+} \): \[ [Ar] 3d^8 4s^0 \] 
- Nature of Ligand:
- Chloride \( Cl^- \) is a weak field ligand, so it does not cause strong pairing.
- The tetrahedral geometry is favored.
- Unpaired Electrons & Hybridization: 
- Hybridization: \( sp^3 \) 
- Unpaired electrons: 2
- Geometry: Tetrahedral

Answer 2

- Oxidation State of Ni: \[ x + 4(-1) = -2 \Rightarrow x = +2 \] So, Ni is in the \( +2 \) oxidation state. 
- Electronic Configuration of \( Ni^{2+} \): \[ [Ar] 3d^8 4s^0 \] 
- Nature of Ligand: 
- Cyanide \( (CN^-) \) is a strong field ligand, which causes pairing of electrons.
- The square planar geometry is preferred.
- Unpaired Electrons & Hybridization: 
- Hybridization: \( dsp^2 \) 
- Unpaired electrons: 0 
- Geometry: Square Planar

Answer 3

Ethanenitrile \( CH_3CN \) can be converted to ethanal \( CH_3CHO \) using partial reduction with DIBAL-H (Diisobutylaluminium Hydride). \[ CH_3CN + \text{DIBAL-H} \xrightarrow{-78^\circ C} CH_3CHO \]

Answer 4

Cyclohexane \( C_6H_{12} \) is oxidized using nitric acid \( HNO_3 \) or potassium permanganate \( KMnO_4 \) to yield adipic acid \( C_6H_{10}O_4 \). \[ C_6H_{12} + [O] \xrightarrow{HNO_3} \text{HOOC-(CH}_2)_4-\text{COOH} \]