
(A) COCl₂: This is phosgene, which is used to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary amines by forming amides with primary amines, imides with secondary amines, and no reaction with tertiary amines. This corresponds to (I).
(B) SOCl₂: This is thionyl chloride, which is a poisonous gas and is commonly used for chlorinating alcohols or converting amides to acyl chlorides. This corresponds to (II).
(C) NH₂SO₃H: This is sulphamic acid, which is involved in the synthesis of primary amines through reactions like reduction. This corresponds to (III).
(D) C₆H₅NH₂: This is aniline, which forms a zwitter ion (a molecule with both positive and negative charges) in certain conditions. This corresponds to (IV).
Thus, the correct matching is Option B.
Amines are usually formed from amides, imides, halides, nitro compounds, etc. They exhibit hydrogen bonding which influences their physical properties. In alkyl amines, a combination of electron releasing, steric and H-bonding factors influence the stability of the substituted ammonium cations in protic polar solvents and thus affect the basic nature of amines. Alkyl amines are found to be stronger bases than ammonia. Amines being basic in nature, react with acids to form salts. Aryldiazonium salts, undergo replacement of the diazonium group with a variety of nucleophiles to produce aryl halides, cyanides, phenols and arenes.
Three friends, P, Q, and R, are solving a puzzle with statements:
(i) If P is a knight, Q is a knave.
(ii) If Q is a knight, R is a spy.
(iii) If R is a knight, P is a knave. Knights always tell the truth, knaves always lie, and spies sometimes tell the truth. If each friend is either a knight, knave, or spy, who is the knight?