Question

Management of upper airway obstruction.

Hint:

Always prioritize securing the airway in cases of upper airway obstruction, especially in children, as they are more prone to airway compromise.

Answer 1

Step 1: Understanding Upper Airway Obstruction.
Upper airway obstruction refers to a blockage or narrowing of the upper airway, which includes the nose, pharynx, and larynx. It can be caused by various factors like foreign bodies, swelling, or infection.
Step 2: Clinical Signs and Symptoms.
Common symptoms of upper airway obstruction include stridor, difficulty breathing, increased work of breathing, and possibly cyanosis. Physical examination may reveal the presence of abnormal breathing sounds or the inability to speak.
Step 3: Management.
1. Initial Assessment: Assess the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). Ensure the patient is in a position to maintain the airway, often by sitting up.
2. Relieving the Obstruction:
- If the obstruction is due to a foreign body, perform the Heimlich maneuver or suction if appropriate.
- If the obstruction is from swelling (e.g., due to anaphylaxis or infection), administer oxygen and corticosteroids. In severe cases, endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy may be required.
3. Medical Intervention:
- If due to an allergic reaction, epinephrine and antihistamines are administered.
- In case of infection, antibiotics may be given if bacterial etiology is suspected.
4. Advanced Techniques: If the obstruction is severe and cannot be relieved by simpler methods, consider surgical intervention (e.g., tracheotomy) to secure the airway.