Question

In which tradition, Dukha dūkhatā is mentioned?

• A. Hinayāna
• B. Mahāyāna
• C. Jaina
• D. Ājīvika

Hint:

Theravāda meṁ dukkha = 3 forms: dukha-dukkhatā, vipariṇāma-dukkha, saṃskāra-dukkha — is mnemonics se exam meṁ jaldi tick karo.

Answer 1

The Correct Option is A

Step 1: “Dukkha” ke traya-rūp.
Theravāda/Hīnayāna paramparā meṁ “dukkha” ko tīn roopoṁ meṁ vivarit kiyā jātā hai:
(1) Dukha dūkhatā—pratyakṣ śārīrik-mānasik peeda; jise “suffering of suffering” kahte haiṁ.
(2) Vipariṇāma-dukkha—sukha kī sthiti ka parivartan hokar duḥkha ban jānā (change-suffering).
(3) Saṃskāra-dukkha—saṅskārit/saṁyutta vastuon kī svabhāvik asaṃtoṣṭatā (conditioned existence as suffering).
Step 2: “Dukha dūkhatā” par spaṣṭatā.
Ismeṁ peeda ko seedhā peeda ke rūp meṁ samjha jātā hai—jaise rog, chot, shok; yah pratham prakār hai aur Theravāda vāṅgmaya meṁ niśchit rūp se paribhāṣit hai.
Step 3: Vikalpoṅ kā vivecan (kyon/kyon nahīṁ).
Hinayāna (Theravāda)—dukkha ke tīn prakār kā nirūpaṇ yahin spaṣṭ hai, islie yahī saṭīk paramparā hai.
Mahāyāna—adhikatar śūnyatā, bodhisattva-mārga par zor; yadyapi dukkha svīkṛt hai, par yeh tīn-vibhājan kā canonical mūl Theravāda meṁ prasiddh hai.
Jaina—alagdharma; karmavāda meṁ duḥkha-śreṇī vibhinna hai.
Ājīvika—niyativāda paramparā; yah bauddha traya-dukkha siddhānt se sambandhit nahīṁ.
Step 4: Udāharaṇ se pakka karo.
Daṅt-dard ya ḍukḍukātā sir-dard \(\Rightarrow\) Dukha dūkhatā; garam chāy thandī ho jane par sukh ka ḍhīlā paḍnā \(\Rightarrow\) Vipariṇāma-dukkha; nirantar āśrittā–janm–jarā–maraṇa cakra \(\Rightarrow\) Saṃskāra-dukkha.
Step 5: Smaraṇ-trick.
“Paīn–Chāṅj–Kandīśan” = Pain (dukkha-dukkhatā), Change (vipariṇāma), Conditioned (saṃskāra) — sab Theravāda ke tīn rūp.
Step 6: Niṣkarṣ.
Isliye, “Dukha dūkhatā” kā spaṣṭ ullekh Hinayāna (Theravāda) paramparā meṁ miltā hai; vikalp (1) sahi hai.