We are given the equation \( \cos^2 A + \cos^2 B + \cos^2 C = 1 \) for the angles \( A \), \( B \), and \( C \) of \( \triangle ABC \).
Step 1: This identity holds true when \( \triangle ABC \) is a right-angled triangle, as it satisfies the Pythagorean identity for the angles.
Thus, the correct answer is a right-angled triangle.